Dialectisms are words with local flavor. What dialects of the Russian language are there? Dialectisms of the Russian language

Territorial dialects of the modern Russian language are manifested mainly in the colloquial speech of the rural population and, to some extent, in the speech of city residents. The variety of varieties of spoken urban language is determined by the dialect environment, as well as the composition of the urban population and the specific features of the formation of this population. Russian territorial dialects in our time are losing their specific features. The bearers of the traditional features of folk dialects are now mainly the older generations of the rural population.

“Our country is rich in local sayings and dialects. But there is a peak - the pure and flexible Russian literary language. Enriching it with local words requires strict selection and great taste. Because there are many places in our country where in the language and pronunciation, along with words that are true pearls, there are many words that are clumsy and phonetically unpleasant. A local word can enrich the language if it is figurative, euphonious and understandable. Linguistic consciousness is part of cultural self-awareness, and if we want to revive culture and promote its flourishing, then we must start with language. There is no clearly defined boundary between the self-awareness of elements of language and other elements of culture... in critical historical epochs, the native language becomes a symbol of national identity,” writes Moscow linguist S.E. Nikitina, who studied the folk picture of the world.

During the formation of the Russian centralized state, which united more and more Russian lands, the mutual influence of dialects increased. These processes caused changes in the previous boundaries of dialect differences and led to the emergence of new dialect phenomena at the junctions of previous dialect unities. Therefore, direct correspondences between modern groupings of dialects of the Russian language and ancient dialectal unities, as a rule, cannot be established. This is primarily evidenced by the complex picture presented by the modern Russian language in its dialects.

Syntactic differences in the dialects of the modern Russian language lie in the fact that individual dialects are characterized by special patterns of phrases, sentences, or special meanings of some models, understandable, but uncommon in others. For example, in some dialects they will say “stand on the right side”, or “get leave until the 20th”, i.e. this construction will denote an action in space and time; in others, they can also say “went for milk”, “left for firewood”, i.e. they also indicate the purpose of the action. Dialectal differences in vocabulary most often consist in the fact that different dialects have different words to denote one concept, or one word expresses different concepts in different dialects. So, to designate a rooster in dialects there are words: rooster, kochet, peun, peven, etc.

In the Russian language, there are two main dialects: Northern Great Russian and Southern Great Russian and a strip of Central Russian dialects between them. The Northern Great Russian dialect is characteristic of the northern and eastern regions of the European part of Russia. The South Great Russian dialect borders on the Ukrainian language in the southwest, and on the Belarusian language in the west. The Northern Great Russian dialect includes five groups: Arkhangelsk, Ilipomorskaya, Olonets, Western, or Novgorod, Eastern, or Vologda-Kirov, and Vladimir-Volga regions; in the South Great Russian dialect there are southern, or Oryol, Tula, eastern, or Ryazan, and western groups.

The Northern Russian adverb is distinguished on the basis of okanya, “g” plosive (as in the literary language), “t” solid in the endings of the 3rd person of verbs (he goes, they listen, and does not go, listen, as in the South Russian adverb) and genitive -accusative case of personal pronouns: me, you and reflexive self (and not me, you, yourself, as in the South Russian dialect). Features of the Northern Russian dialect are also the contraction of vowels in the endings of verbs and adjectives: byvat, dumat, red, blue (instead of happens, thinks, red, blue), the use of grammatically combined postpositive particles (house-from, izba-ta, at the sister-ti and etc.), ending the comparative degree of adjectives -ae (louder, blacker), etc.

In the dialects of this group, in place of the old “Ъ”, various sounds are pronounced: in most dialects “ё” or “ie” are pronounced only before hard consonants, and and before soft consonants: bread or hlyeb, but khlibets, zvir. In some dialects it is pronounced in all cases: hlieb, hliebets, zvier, etc. In some dialects of this group there is a special sound o (a sound similar to u and called o closed) or a diphthong ud: will or vuola, cow or koruova, sister or sister. Here they say dream, in a slap, but dirty, hat, as in Arkhangelsk dialects. They pronounce tsyashka, tsai, sheep or tstyashka, tshyay, sheepshya, etc., that is, a soft and lisping clicking sound is observed. The non-syllabic u (u) in some of these dialects is pronounced not only in the place of “l” before the consonant and at the end of the word, as in Olonets dialects, but also instead in the same positions: dougo, byu, pauka, kou, domou, prauda, ​​deuka etc. In these dialects they say Fedkya, Tsyaykyu, Konkyom, i.e. they soften "and, if it is after a soft consonant. In most dialects of this group they pronounce omman, ommazal, in some also menny, lanno, trunno and etc. The instrumental plural ends in -zh: she cried with burning tears.

What are the features that unite all Northern Great Russian dialects into one dialect?

In the field of phonetics, such a feature is, first of all, okanye. Okanye is the difference in the pronunciation of the vowels “a” and “o” in the first pre-stressed syllable after hard consonants, or the lack of coincidence of these vowels in a given position in one sound. In all Northern Great Russian dialects they pronounce, on the one hand, water, went, crow, i.e., keeping o without stress; and on the other - dala, grass, old man, i.e. with preservation and without emphasis. It is important to emphasize that with okanye there is no coincidence of a and o in one o, but there is a distinction between them in the first pre-stressed syllable. Any Northern Great Russian dialect is a dialect, and by the presence of this one feature it is possible to determine the general character of a given dialect, since it is characteristic only of the Northern Great Russian dialect.

Northern Great Russian features include the use of postpositive particles “to”, “ta” and the like: s'elo-to, izba-ta, babu-tu, etc. The use of such a particle is known not only in Northern Great Russian, but also in other dialects of the Russian language.

The South Great Russian dialect of the Russian language is widespread in the southern regions of the European part of our country and partially extends to the North Caucasus. The northern border of this dialect runs in the regions of Mozhaisk, Podolsk, and Ryazan.

Both Northern Great Russian dialects and Southern Great Russian dialects are combined into one dialect according to a number of common features that are equally inherent in each of these dialects.

One such trait is the akanye (opposed to the Northern Great Russian okanye). Akanye is the non-distinction of the vowels O and A in the first pre-stressed syllable after hard consonants and the pronunciation of one sound a in their place. If throughout the Russian language under stress o and a are different, i.e., say, house and dam are pronounced differently, then in the first pre-stressed syllable in accusatory dialects o and a coincide in one sound, and therefore they pronounce dama, dala in the same way . It is known that akanye is the norm of oral literary speech. However, Akanye itself does not always have the same character throughout the entire territory of distribution of the South Great Russian dialect. The overwhelming majority of Southern Great Russian dialects are characterized by such akanism, in which o and a in the first pre-stressed syllable always coincide in the same sound a, regardless of which vowel in the word is under stress. In such dialects, for example, they pronounce: vada, vad'e, vad, vado, old, pashl'i, etc. It is this kind of akan that is characteristic of the Russian literary language. In science, it is called non-dissimilative, in contrast to dissimilative akan, when the pronunciation of a in place of o and a in the first pre-stressed syllable is not always observed, but only under certain conditions.

Thus, with this type of akanya they pronounce: vade, vady, vadoy, oldukh, pashl'i, but: d'ala - dyla, vada - vyda, pashla - pishla, etc. Dissimilative akanya is found in the western part of the South Great Russian dialect. Typical South Great Russian A feature (also, by the way, preserved from the Old Russian language) can be considered the formation of the 3rd person singular and plural form of the present tense of verbs with a soft ending t: hód'it', n'es'ot', v'edut', γъvar 'at', etc.

It seems that it is the study of the history of the development of dialects that can have the most fruitful impact on the study of the history of the entire Russian language as a whole. The study of dialect differences provides interesting and valuable material for elucidating the ethnic history of the Russian people, migration processes and phenomena, as well as problems of cultural mutual influences between individual peoples of our country.

Literature:

1. Avanesov R.I. Questions of the formation of the Russian language in its dialects. - "Bulletin of Moscow State University". - 1947. - No. 9.

2. Avanesov R.I. On the history of Central Russian dialects. Reports and communications of the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University, vol. 1, 1946;

3. Avanesov R.I. Linguistic geography and history of the Russian language // Questions of linguistics. - 1952. - No. 6.

4. Avanesov R.I. Essays on Russian dialectology. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1949.

5. Avanesov R.I. Russian literary pronunciation. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1954.

6. Ivanov V.V. "Russian folk dialects". - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1956.

The Russian language is rich, but they make it even more colorful dialectical words. Dialects exists in any language. This article by L. Skvortsov from the old magazine “Family and School” (1963) will be useful to everyone who studies linguistics, Russian and foreign languages ​​in depth. This article will talk about the features the use of dialectisms, will be given examples of dialect words and expressions.

Dialectisms: examples of words

Many of us, especially those who lived in different regions of the country, noticed, of course, that living Russian speech has local differences.

Examples:

In the Yaroslavl, Arkhangelsk, Ivanovo regions and in the Upper Volga region, people “okay” (they say the end, go, stand). In this case, they place the accent correctly, but in the unstressed position a clear, round “O” is pronounced. In some Novgorod and Vologda villages they “clack” and “clink” (they say “tsai” instead of tea, “kuricha” instead of chicken, etc.). In the villages of the Kursk or Voronezh regions you can hear “yakan” (village and trouble are pronounced there as “syalo”, “byada”), a special pronunciation of consonant sounds (“use” instead of everything, “lauki” instead of bench, etc.).

Experts in Russian dialects, linguists, based on characteristic linguistic features - sometimes very subtle, unnoticeable - easily determine the region or even the village where a person came from, where he was born. Such local differences exist in many languages ​​and form the basis of those unities that in the science of language are called dialects or dialects.

Modern dialects of the Russian language fall into two main dialects.

Examples:

North of Moscow there is a Northern Russian (or Northern Great Russian) dialect. It is characterized by many features, including the “okany”, the explosive quality of the sound “g” - mountain, arc - and the firm pronunciation of verb endings in the 3rd person singular. numbers: walking, carrying, etc.

South of Moscow there is a South Russian (or South Great Russian) dialect. It is characterized by “akanye”, a special quality of “g” (fricative, duration) - mountain, arc - and soft pronunciation of the same verb endings: go, carry, etc. (The linguistic differences of these adverbs are complemented by ethnographic differences: features and construction dwellings, originality of clothing, household utensils, etc.).

Northern Great Russian dialects do not transform directly into Southern Russian dialects in the south. Between these two dialects, in a narrow strip, lie Central Russian (or Central Great Russian) dialects, which arose as a result of the interaction, “mixing” of Northern Russian and Southern Russian dialects in the border zone. A typical Central Russian dialect is the Moscow dialect, which combines the hardness of verb endings (Northern Russian trait) with “akany” (South Russian trait).

There is a fairly widespread opinion that dialects are a local distortion of the language, a “local irregular dialect.” In reality, dialects (or dialects) are a historical phenomenon. The special historical and linguistic science of dialectology, based on a thorough study of dialects, restores pictures of the ancient state of the language and helps to reveal the internal laws of linguistic development.

Russian literary language and dialects

During the era of the disintegration of the primitive communal system, the Slavs united into tribal unions (VI - VIII centuries AD). These unions included tribes that spoke closely related dialects. It is interesting to note that some of the existing dialectal differences in the Russian language date back to the era of tribal dialects.

In the 9th-10th centuries, the Old Russian people were formed. This was associated with the transition of the Eastern Slavs to a class society and with the formation of the Russian state with its center in Kyiv. At this time, the linguistic unit becomes the dialect of a particular region, economically and politically gravitating towards a certain urban center (for example, Novgorod - on the former land of the Slovenes, Pskov - on the land of the Krivichi. Rostov and Suzdal - on the territory of the descendants of the Krivichi and partly the Vyatichi) . Subsequently, such a unit became the dialect of the feudal principality - the direct ancestor of modern Russian dialects.

Above local dialects stands, uniting all speakers of Russian, the literary Russian language, which emerged as a national language at the time of the formation of the Russian nation and statehood. Having emerged on the basis of Central Russian dialects and the Moscow dialect, the literary language absorbed the best elements of folk dialects, was worked on by wordsmiths - writers and public figures - for centuries, was fixed in writing, and established uniform and binding literary norms for all.

However, having become independent, the literary language was never separated by a blank wall from dialects. Even now (albeit to a relatively small extent) it is replenished with words and phrases of folk dialects. Not everyone knows, for example, that “mow”, “grain grower”, “chill”, “steam”, “initial”, “break wood” are words and expressions of dialect origin, which have now become literary. Some of them came from the north, others from the south. It is interesting, for example, that we now say “hut reading room” and “hut-laboratory” and do not notice that “izba” is a Northern Russian word, and “hut” is a Southern Russian one. For us, both of these combinations are equally literary.

From what has been said, it should be clear that dialects cannot be assessed as “local distortions” of the Russian language. The system of each dialect (features of pronunciation, grammatical structure, vocabulary) is highly stable and, operating within a limited territory, is a generally accepted means of communication for this territory; so that the speakers themselves (especially among older people) use it as a familiar language from childhood and not at all a “distorted” Russian language.

Russian dialectisms and related languages

Why is dialect speech sometimes characterized as spoiled literary speech? This is explained by the fact that in terms of vocabulary, the general literary language and dialects largely coincide (the exception is “untranslatable” dialectisms: the names of peculiar household items, clothing, etc.), while the “external design” (sound, morphological) of ordinary words in unusual in one dialect or another. This unusualness of well-known, commonly used (as if simply “distorted”) words first of all attracts attention: “ucumber” or “igurets” (instead of cucumber), “hands”, “rake” (instead of hands, rake), “ ripe apple" (instead of ripe apple), etc. It is clear that in literary language such dialectisms have always been considered as violations of the norm.

Anyone who wants to master correct Russian speech must know the peculiarities of the dialect in which they live, know its “deviations” from the literary language in order to be able to avoid them,

In Russian dialects bordering the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, the picture is complicated by the influence of these related languages. In the Smolensk and Bryansk regions (bordering Belarus) you can hear, for example, “I will throw myself”, “I will shave” instead of shave, I will shave, “trapka” instead of rag, “prama” instead of straight, “adzezha” i.e. clothes, clothes and etc. Everyday linguistic environment has a significant impact on the speech of Russian people living on the territory of Ukraine. Elements of the Ukrainian language, the so-called Ukrainianisms, are widely known, penetrating into the speech of Russian people and often spreading beyond the borders of Ukraine: “play” instead of play, “pour” instead of pour, “mark” (tram number), “extreme” instead of last, “where are you coming? instead of where are you going?, “I’m going to you” instead of going to you, “at kume” instead of at kuma’s, “sweet jam” instead of sweet jam, “back” instead of again, again, “kura” instead of chicken and others.

The use of dialectisms. Literary-dialectal bilingualism

The question may arise: is there a danger to living Russian speech due to such a wide distribution of dialectisms in it? Will the dialect element overwhelm our language?

There was and is no such danger. Despite the abundance of dialect deviations, they are all local in nature. We must not forget that the guardian of speech culture is the literary Russian language - the keeper and collector of the linguistic values ​​of the people in all periods of its history. Due to historical changes in the life and way of life of our people, local dialects of the Russian language are disappearing. They are destroyed and dissolved in the literary language, which is becoming increasingly widespread. Nowadays, the broadest masses have become familiar with the literary Russian language - through the press, books, radio, television. A characteristic feature of this active process is a kind of literary-dialectal “bilingualism”. For example, in school, during lessons, students speak based on the literary language, and in the family circle, in conversations with elders or among themselves, in a social setting, they use the local dialect, using dialectisms in their speech.

Interestingly, the speakers themselves clearly feel their “bilingualism.”

Examples:

“At the school at Konotop station,” says reader M.F. Ivanenko, “boys and girls, 10th grade students, walking around the swampy place, said to each other: “Go this way” or “go that way,” or “go beyond - on me." I asked them: “Is this what you will write?” - "How?" - “Yes, like this - this way, that way, behind me?” “No,” they answer, “we say so, but we will write here, here, behind me.” A similar case is described by reader P. N. Yakushev: “In the Klepikovsky district of the Ryazan region, high school students say “he’s coming” instead of he’s coming, “our wires are going down” (i.e. they’re making noise, buzzing), “she’s dressed” instead dressed, etc. If you ask: “Why do you say that? Is that what they say in Russian?”, then the answer is usually: “We don’t say that at school, but we do at home. That's what everyone says."

Literary-dialectal “bilingualism” is an important intermediate stage in the disappearance, leveling (leveling) of folk dialects. For centuries, the established linguistic community subordinates the speech activity of the inhabitants of a particular area. And, in order not to interfere with communication, not to disrupt the usual speech skills, people are forced in everyday life, in everyday life, to speak in a dialect - in the language of their grandfathers and fathers. For each individual person, such bilingualism is in a state of unstable equilibrium: as much as a person is “embarrassed” in the conditions of his native dialect to speak literary, “in the city”, he is just as embarrassed in the city or in general in the conditions of literary speech to speak in his own way, “in -rustic."

HOW DIALECTS DISAPPEAR

“Bilingualism” is an important result of our universal education; it helps to quickly get rid of dialect features in literary speech. It must be borne in mind, however, that with dialectal-literary bilingualism (and indeed when mastering a literary language in general), people often know only the most characteristic, obvious features of the use of their dialect. They know how to avoid them in literary speech, but do not notice the smaller, “hidden” dialect features behind them. First of all, this relates to pronunciation and stress. It is known that pronunciation skills are developed in a person at a relatively early age and are usually retained for life. Therefore, having freed himself, for example, from “okanya” or “yakanya”, a person continues to say “vyuga” (blizzard), “svekla” (beetroot), “bochkya” (barrel), “bruki” (trousers), “moy” and “yours” (mine and yours), “flow” and “run” (flows and runs), etc., without noticing these deviations from the norm.

Nowadays, local linguistic features are preserved mainly in villages and villages. The speech of the urban population also partly reflects regional dialects. But even before the revolution, the influence of the literary language captured all layers of the urban population and began to penetrate into the countryside. This especially applies to those areas where latrine industries were highly developed (for example, the northern provinces of pre-revolutionary Russia). Moreover, the influence of “urban” speech was most pronounced among the male population, while the speech of women (who usually worked at home) retained archaic local features.

The destruction of Russian dialects, their dissolution in the literary language of the Soviet era is a complex and uneven process. Due to the persistence of certain linguistic phenomena, dialect differences will persist for a long time. Therefore, it is impossible, as some people think, to “eradicate” all dialects in one fell swoop. However, it is possible and necessary to fight dialectal features, dialectisms that penetrate into literary Russian speech and clog it. The key to success in the fight against dialectisms is active and deep mastery of the norms of the literary language, widespread propaganda of the culture of Russian speech. A special role belongs to the rural school and its teachers. After all, in order to teach students to speak literary and competently, to write without errors, the teacher must know what local features can be reflected in the students’ speech.

Dialect words can be found in the books of Russian writers - old and modern. Dialectisms are usually used by realist writers only to create local speech color. They appear very rarely in the author's own narrative. And here everything depends on the skill of the artist, on his taste and tact. The wonderful words of M. Gorky still remain in force that “local dialects” and “provincialisms” very rarely enrich the literary language, more often they clog it up by introducing uncharacteristic, incomprehensible words.”

Article from the magazine “Family and School”, L. Skvortsov.
Researcher at the Institute of Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences, department led by Professor A. Reformatsky

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Hello, dear readers of the blog site. There are words in the Russian language that are not used everywhere, but, for example, only in a particular region, city, or even terrain.

It is sometimes even difficult for an outsider to understand what they are talking about, although they designate objects that are understandable to everyone (for example, KOCHET is a rooster, and SHIBKO is a synonym for “strong”).

These words are called dialectisms, that is, they are, in fact, markers of the local dialect of the Russian language. In this article you you will find a lot of examples such words, definition of the term and examples from literary works where dialectisms are used.

What are dialectisms and examples of words

Dialectisms are words or figures of speech that are characteristic of the inhabitants of a certain region. They are widely used in a specific area, while their more common synonyms, on the contrary, are not in use.

Like many terms in the Russian language, the word “dialectism” came to us from Ancient Greece. And when translated it literally means "talk", "conversation", "adverb".

Examples of dialectic words:

And here real life example. Before continuing the story of what dialectisms are in the Russian language, I would like to recall a story from my personal life. Even at the beginning of my relationship with my wife, a funny incident happened. She asked me to stop by the store for groceries and even sent me a list of what I needed to buy on my phone. One of the points puzzled me, namely the name “ BURYAK».

I thought for a long time that this was a typo, but I never figured out what it was about. And when I called back, it turned out that it was a regular BEET. But in her small homeland, and she grew up in the Lipetsk region, they don’t say the word “beetroot,” but they say “beetroot.” In my 30 years of living in Moscow, I have never heard this.

But the embarrassment did not end there. The list also included BULKA. Here I didn’t call back, I bought several buns - small ones, and with different fillings. And only at home it turned out that by this word she meant a LOAF of white bread. It is interesting that she and her family always used the word BREAD to refer only to black bread.

A little later I found out that there is no mistake here, and such words in Russian are called dialectisms.

Examples of dialectisms from different regions of Russia

So, almost every region of Russia has its own characteristic words that are used only there. One of the striking examples is difference between Moscow and St. Petersburg. The distance between the cities is only some 700 kilometers, but it’s as if they speak different languages.

So, in the Northern capital they also say BULKA instead of LOAD, SHAVERMA instead of KHAURMA, PYSHKA instead of DONUT, KURA instead of CHICKEN. There they also call the front entrance, the curb, the ladle, the ladle, and the well-known robe, the KANGAROOKHOY.

And such linguistic features exist in almost every region of our country.

Altai region:

1. Vyderga is a harmful woman;
2. Shanezhki - buns;
3. Victoria – strawberry;
4. Multifora – stationery file;
5. Spread out - do something very slowly.

Bashkiria:

1. Aida - let's go, come on;
2. Sabantuy - crowd, gathering.

Bryansk region:

1. Smorsch - borscht;
2. Skrygotnik – train;
3. Gaino – disorder;
4. Kimarit - sleep.

Primorsky Krai:

1. Nabka - embankment;
2. Steam - buy;
3. Lantern - very simple;
4. I shake a crab - I shake hands.

Volgograd region:

1. Kushchari – bushes;
2. Kulya – a tuft of hair;
3. Rastyka is a clumsy person.

Pskov region;

1. Zhuravina - cranberry;
2. Diyanki - mittens.

Irkutsk region;

1. Fork – a head of cabbage;
2. Stramina is a bad person;
3. To make a fuss is to make a row noisily.

And this is not the entire list. According to numerous dialectisms, residents of any region of Russia immediately recognize visitors.

But such words are used, as a rule, only in colloquial speech. In schools, institutes and in working documentation, the generally accepted Russian language is used. Otherwise there would be terrible confusion.

Classification of dialectisms with examples of words

All dialectisms in the Russian language are usually divided into several categories, depending on what characteristic features they have.

Main, . The latter are words that are characteristic not of some regions, but of a group of people.

Thus, motorists often call the steering wheel of a car a STEER, journalists have the concept FISH (a draft of a future text), and pilots, when landing hard, say GIVE THE GOAT.

Examples of dialectisms in literature

A lot of dialectisms can be found on the pages of books, especially in the works of Russian classics. With their help, writers more accurately conveyed the atmosphere of the place, where the action of this or that novel takes place, making it more original, and the images of literary heroes more vivid.

For example, Mikhail in his novel “ Quiet Don"with the help of dialectisms more accurately describes the life of the Don Cossacks. So, instead of the usual word “hut”, he uses the local “KUREN”, “LEVADAMI” he calls the garden grove, and “BAZOM” - the place in the courtyard of the house where cattle are kept. And instead of the verb “to speak” on the pages of the novel there is only the Rostov word “GUTORIT”.

Since then he has rarely been seen on the farm. Prokofy Melikhov lived in his KUREN on the outskirts of Biryuk. And they talked wonderful things about him on the farm.

In the evening a thunderstorm gathered. There was a brown cloud over the farm. Behind LEVADA, dry lightning scorched the sky, and thunder crushed the earth with rare peals.

Aksinya shook herself off early, grabbed the heat, wrapped up her pipe and, after washing the dishes, looked out the window that looked out at the BAZ.

But the action of the story by Alexander Solzhenitsyn “ Matryonin yard"occurs in the Vladimir region. And in it you can also find examples of local dialectisms. So, the floors in the house are called “BRIDGES”, the basement is “BEDCLETRY”, and the entrance room in the hut is called “UPHOUSE”.

Behind the front door there were steps leading up to spacious BRIDGES, high roofed. To the left, more steps led up to the ROOM - a separate log house without a stove, and steps down to the BEDCLET.

And finally, Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol in their " Evenings on a farm near Dikanka“The whole story is told in a special Russian language - with the words that were used many centuries ago in Ukraine (and some are still in use today).

And there’s so much crap in the world, and you’ve also given birth to a WINNER!

A SHINOK (tavern) appeared in front of the Cossacks, falling to one side, like a woman on her way back from a merry christening.

They gave the Pole a blow under his nose, and they started a wedding: they baked cones, sewed on RUSHNIKOV (towel) and KHUSTOK (scarf).

Of course, the presence of dialectisms in literature creates many difficulties, first of all, for readers. After all, sometimes it is difficult to even guess what we are talking about. That is why in such books they make footnotes “note” in order to decipher this or that meaning.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site

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The modern Russian language is complex in its structure. In oral and written speech in a highly developed normalized form (literary language), the language of science, the language of fiction, business language, etc. are distinguished. One of the types of oral speech - colloquial speech - exists in the Russian language both in a literary processed form and in less normalized forms characteristic of popular colloquial speech. The latter, in turn, distinguishes various social varieties (professional languages, jargons, etc.) and territorial varieties - dialects, or folk dialects, which represent a very significant ethnographic feature of the population of various localities.

Territorial dialects of the modern Russian language are manifested mainly in the colloquial speech of the rural population and, to some extent, in the speech of city residents. The variety of varieties of spoken urban language is determined by the dialect environment, as well as the composition of the urban population and the specific features of the formation of this population. Russian territorial dialects in our time are losing their specific features. This process, which began a long time ago, especially intensified after the October Revolution, during the cultural revolution, in connection with the movement of the population within the country, with universal education, radioification, etc. The bearers of the traditional features of folk dialects are now mainly the older generations of the rural population.

Formation of the Russian language in its dialects

Modern dialect groupings are survival elements that reflect the complex path of formation of the Russian national language. Most dialect differences are usually associated with those eras when the integrity of a given nationality, its territorial and political community did not yet exist or was violated. In the history of the East Slavic languages, these differences began to emerge in the pre-feudal era, under the conditions of the existence of individual East Slavic tribes. However, most dialect differences arose in the Russian language during the era of feudalism. The oldest written monuments indicate that the Novgorod dialect of the 11th-12th centuries. there was already a characteristic “clattering” sound, which was absent in the Kyiv land. The difference in the quality of the sound r (plosive or fricative formation) and some other dialect differences are traced back to the same or earlier time. The reasons for the formation of dialect differences could be both internal (new formations that arose as a result of the internal development of dialects in conditions of feudal fragmentation) and external (for example, external influence or assimilation of a foreign-speaking population). During the formation of the Russian centralized state, which united more and more Russian lands, the mutual influence of dialects increased. These processes caused changes in the previous boundaries of dialect differences and led to the emergence of new dialect phenomena at the junctions of previous dialect unities. Therefore, direct correspondences between modern groupings of dialects of the Russian language and ancient dialectal unities, as a rule, cannot be established. This is primarily evidenced by the complex picture presented by the modern Russian language in its dialects.

The structure of the modern Russian language in its dialects

Adverbs, dialects and groups of dialects that can be identified in the main territory of distribution of the Russian language are historically established dialect groups; they are characterized by certain features that distinguish one or another group of dialects from others and constitute dialectal differences (phonetic, morphological, syntactic, lexical, word-formation, phraseological, etc.). The identification of dialect groups is based mainly on dialect differences in phonetics and morphology.

Syntactic differences in the dialects of the modern Russian language lie in the fact that individual dialects are characterized by special patterns of phrases, sentences, or special meanings of some models, understandable, but uncommon in others. For example, in some dialects they will say “stand on the right side”, or “get leave until the 20th”, i.e. this construction will denote an action in space and time; in others, they can also say “went for milk”, “went for firewood”, i.e. they also indicate the purpose of the action. Dialectal differences in vocabulary most often consist in the fact that different dialects have different words to denote one concept, or one word expresses different concepts in different dialects. So, to designate a rooster in dialects there are words: rooster, kochet, peun, peven, etc.

If we plot isoglosses 1 of all dialect differences on one map, the entire territory of distribution of the Russian language will be cut off by isoglosses going in different directions. This does not mean that groupings of dialects representing dialectal unities do not exist at all. A northerner can be easily recognized by his “o” accent, a resident of the southern regions by his special pronunciation of the sound g (the so-called g fricative) or the soft pronunciation of t at the endings of verbs. By the combination of features, one can also distinguish the inhabitants of the Ryazan region. from a resident of Orlovskaya, a Tula resident from a Smolyan resident, a Novgorod resident from a Vologda resident, etc.

In a number of cases, isoglosses of the most diverse dialect phenomena or dialect words that are not related in the system of the modern Russian language have a similar configuration in some fairly significant areas and in some places are noticeably closer to each other 2. Such converging isoglosses, or, as they are commonly called, bundles of isoglosses, delimit certain territories that are relatively uniform in the complex of phenomena identified by the isoglosses of a given bundle.

Thus, dialect unities of the Russian language do not, as a rule, have clearly defined boundaries, but are determined by zones of isogloss bundles. Only when one phenomenon is recognized as an obligatory sign of an adverb, which, for example, is okanye for the Northern Russian dialect, can we draw a clear boundary of the adverb in accordance with the isogloss of okanya. Akanye is a feature of both the South Russian dialect and Central Russian dialects, and the plosive (a common feature of Northern Russian dialects) also characterizes the majority of Central Russian dialects. .

The main groups of dialects of the Russian language

In the Russian language there are two main dialects: Northern Russian and Southern Russian and a strip of Central Russian dialects between them 3.

The Northern Russian dialect is characteristic of the northern and eastern regions of the European part of the USSR. Its southern border runs from west to southeast along the line Pskov Lake - Porkhov-Demyansk; then it goes north from Vyshny Volochok, then turns south and east and passes through Kalinin - Klin - Zagorsk - Yegoryevsk - Gus-Khrustalny, between Melenki and Kasimov, south of Murom, Ardatov and Arzamas, through Sergach and Kurmykhp, turns sharply to the south a little east of Penza and goes to the Volga north of Kuibyshev. The South Russian dialect borders on the Ukrainian language in the southwest, and on the Belarusian language in the west (approximately along the borders of the Ukrainian SSR and BSSR). The border of its distribution can be outlined along the northern borders of the Smolensk region; east of Sychevka it turns southeast, passes west of Mozhaisk and Vereya, then through Borovsk, Podolsk and Kolomna it goes northeast of Ryazan, through Spassk-Ryazansky, north of Shatsk, between Kerensky (Vadinsk) and Nizhny Lomov, east of Chembar and Serdobsk, through Atkarsk, to Kamyshin along the Volga, and then south from Volgograd, entering the North Caucasus.

As part of the Northern Russian dialect, five groups are distinguished: Arkhangelsk, Ilipomorskaya, Olonets, Western, or Novgorod, Eastern, or Vologda-Kirov, and Vladimir-Volga; in the South Russian dialect there are southern, or Oryol, Tula, eastern, or Ryazan, and western groups. Central Russian dialects are divided into subgroups: Pskov (dialects transitional from the Northern Russian dialect to the Belarusian language), Western and Eastern. There is practically no dialect boundary between the southern Russian dialect of the Russian language and the northeastern dialect of the Belarusian language; there is a wide zone in whose dialects from east to west there is a gradual increase in features typical of the dialects of the Belarusian language.

The Northern Russian adverb is distinguished on the basis of okanya, r plosive (as in the literary language), t solid in the endings of the 3rd person of verbs (he goes, they listen, and not go, listen, as in the South Russian adverb) and the genitive-accusative case of personal pronouns: me, you and self (and not me, you, yourself, as in the South Russian dialect). Features of the Northern Russian dialect are also the contraction of vowels in the endings of verbs and adjectives: byvat, dumat, red, blue (instead of happens, thinks, red, blue), the use of grammatically combined postpositive particles (house-from, izba-ta, at the sister-ti and etc.), ending the comparative degree of adjectives -ae (louder, blacker), etc.

Pomeranian, or Arkhangelsk, group of the Northern Russian dialect, occupying most of the Arkhangelsk region. and some areas of Vologda, is characterized by the fact that in those words where (according to pre-revolutionary spelling) the letter Ъ was written, they pronounce the vowel е closed (something between hedgehog and) - snow, beast. There, dream sounds instead of dirt, dyodya instead of uncle, in a slap instead of a hat, but at the same time they say dirty, hat, i.e. they replace the sound a with the sound e under stress only between soft consonants. Here they say tsai, tsyashka, end, sheep, i.e. the so-called soft clicking is common. There is no combination dn, bm (menny, lanno, omman, instead of copper, okay, deception). In these dialects they say: I’ll go to my wife, I worked for the parties, that is, they use the ending -s instead of -e for wives’ nouns. R. in date and sentence pad. units h.; in nouns in creativity. pad. pl. h. the endings -ama or -am are common (they plowed the plows or plowed the plows), and for adjectives -ma, -m (dry mushrooms or dry mushrooms instead of dry mushrooms). Here they can say young, whom or young, koHo (with a fricative) or even without a consonant at all: young, koo.

The Olonets group is represented by dialects on the territory of the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and east of Lake Onega. These dialects differ from the dialects of the Pomeranian group in some features: a special sound, closed in those words where the letter Ъ was previously written, is pronounced only before hard consonants: bread, faith, measure; before soft consonants they pronounce the sound and: zvir, in hlibi, virit, ommirit. Here they will say dougo, byu instead of long, was, i.e. instead of l at the end of a syllable they will pronounce the sound u of a non-syllable. Instead of deception, smear they say omman, ommazat. The sound & (g-fricative) is noted here not only at the end of the genitive case, but also in other words in place of the letter g: mho "s о, vegetable garden, Rake, Khnali. Unlike other dialects of the Northern Russian dialect, in some Olonets dialects they use ending -тъ in the 3rd person of the verbs: go, talk, sleep. The combination of sounds oh in some cases corresponds to the combination hey: to friends, to gold, sisters.

The Western, or Novgorod, group covers the dialects of most of the Leningrad and Novgorod regions. In place of the old Ъ here it is pronounced and or ё: snig, did, hlib, mira, virit, zvir or snow, grandfather, etc. Here they say dirt, in a hat, that is, the sound a is preserved. Tsokanie is currently absent in most dialects. In creative work pad. pl. Some nouns and adjectives use the ending -m: with clean hands. Unlike the dialects of the Pomeranian and Olonets groups, they do not use the endings -ogo, -o&o, but only -ovo (kovo, sukhovo, dobro, etc.). The remaining features of the dialects of the Novgorod group basically coincide with the features of the Pomeranian group.

The eastern, or Vologda-Kirov, group of northern Russian dialects includes the dialects of the Vologda, Kirov, Perm regions, the northern parts of the Yaroslavl, Kostroma and Gorky regions, as well as some areas of the Novgorod and Arkhangelsk regions. It should be noted that in the east the border of this group is pushed beyond the Urals. In the dialects of this group, in place of the old Ъ, various sounds are pronounced: in most dialects ё or е - only before hard consonants, and and - before soft consonants: bread or hlyeb, but khlibets, zvir. In some dialects, the diphthong ie is pronounced in all cases: hlieb, hliebets, zvier, etc. In some dialects of this group there is a special sound o (a sound similar to u and called o closed) or a diphthong ud: will or vuola, cow or koruova, sister or sister. Here they say dream, in a slap, but dirty, hat, as in Arkhangelsk dialects. They pronounce tsyashka, tsyay, sheep or tt yashka, ts shyay, sheep shya, etc., that is, a soft and lisping clicking sound is observed. The non-syllabic u (u) in some of these dialects is pronounced not only in the place l before the consonant and at the end of the word, as in Olonets dialects, but also instead of in in the same positions: dougo, byu, pauka, kou, domou, prauda, ​​deuka and etc. In these dialects they say Fedkya, Tsyaykyu, Konkyom, i.e. they soften "and, if it is after a soft consonant. In most dialects of this group they pronounce omman, ommazal, in some also menny, lanno, trunno, etc. etc. The instrumental case of the plural ends in -zh: she cried with burning tears. In the eastern part of the Vologda-Kirov dialects, the forms o^ steregot, ttg£ pekosh, etc. are noted.

The Vladimir-Volga region group covers dialects in the north of the Kalinin, Moscow and Ryazan regions, Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions south of the Volga, Gorky region. (without Zavetluzhye), Vladimir region. and surrounding dialects of Ulyanovsk, Penza, Saratov and other regions of the Lower Volga region. In the dialects of this group, instead of the old b, the sound e is pronounced, as in the literary language: grandfather, bread u white, beast, etc.

The okanye in them is somewhat different than in other dialects of the Northern Russian dialect - here they pronounce clearly about and but only in cases such as water, mow, cow, grass, old man, where these sounds are in the first syllable before the stress; in all other cases, the same sound is pronounced as in the literary language (m'lokb, p'g'vorim gbrgd, bk'l, under gsa-, etc., starik, p'g'vory, f'l, vyp'l, etc.). A feature of the dialects under consideration is the pronunciation: utopry, utpustil, u gorod, ubman^l, etc., i.e. in the second syllable, before the stress at the beginning of the word, instead of o, they pronounce g/.

The Vladimir-Volga dialects are characterized by the ending -ovo in the genitive case: dobrovo, khudovo, kovo, etc. In most dialects of this group they say plowed with plows; only in the northern regions they will say they plowed the plows, as in the Vologda-Kirov dialects. In some dialects the forms rodnei, syremi drovami are marked for plural adjectives. Verbal forms such as on guard, mother pequot, etc. are common.

The South Russian dialect is distinguished by a complex of features such as akanye, fricative r, soft t in the endings of the 3rd person of verbs (he sits, they listen), the forms me, you, se in the genitive-accusative case. The vast majority of southern Russian dialects do not have tsokanie.

Southern Russian dialects are characterized by the ending -mi in tvor. pad. pl. including nouns (ploughed with plows). The dialects of the South Russian dialect are divided into four groups. The basis for identifying groups is the most complex feature of South Russian dialects - the type of yakanya. Its essence lies in the fact that in the first pre-stressed syllable the sounds in place of the letters e (including the old Ъ) and i are not distinguished, and in certain cases the sound I is pronounced in place of all these letters: sialo, spot, vyarsty, la- juice, etc.

The southern, or Oryol, group covers dialects of the southwestern part of the Tula region, Oryol, the eastern half of the Bryansk, Belgorod, Kursk, western Voronezh regions, as well as dialects along the lower reaches of the Don and in the North Caucasus. It is characterized by the so-called dissimilative yakan - a type of vocalism in which there is a replacement of the vowels e and i in the pre-stressed syllable with a vowel opposite in rise to the vowel that is in the syllable under stress: sistra, but syastr $, simya, but syamyu, syamy, pleas, but dance$, dance pietc.

Dissimilative yakan is represented by many subtypes, formed as a result of the fact that various sub-stressed vowels of the middle rise, which are pronounced in place of the letters o ie, act on the pre-stressed vowels in some cases as high vowels, in others - as low vowels. This group is characterized by u in place before the consonant and at the end of the word: lauka, drow. Some dialects are characterized by the sounds b and e (or diphthongs): will, cow, bread, etc.

The Tula group is represented by the dialects of most of the Tula region, some areas of the Kaluga, Moscow and Ryazan regions. In Tula dialects, the so-called moderate yakan is common. There they say - syastra, byada, syalo, pyasok, vyarsty, etc., but simya, trityak, in strength, simyu, ribina, i.e. before a hard consonant they always pronounce and in place of vowels e and ya, and before a soft in place of the same letters they pronounce and. In most dialects of the Tula group, they are always pronounced as in the literary language.

The eastern, or Ryazan, group of dialects occupies the territory of the Ryazan region. south of the Oka, Tambov and Voronezh (without the western regions). The same group includes the South Russian dialects of the Penza and Saratov regions, as well as some areas of the Volgograd region. The dialects of this group are characterized by the so-called assimilative-dissimilative type, which differs from dissimilative yakanya in that in all words with understressed a, the vowels in place of the letters e and i in the prestressed syllable are replaced by the vowel a. Thus, in the pre-stressed syllable, in the place of the letters e and i, in the overwhelming majority of cases, the vowel a is pronounced, and only if the letters e or o are present in the stressed syllable, the vowel i can be pronounced in the pre-stressed syllable: direvya, biryoza, silo, etc. In some parts of Ryazan dialects are marked under the stress of vowels 6 and ё or ud, ye; in many Ryazan dialects they say oats, flax, brought, and not oats, flax. brought it.

The western group of dialects of the South Russian dialect occupies the Smolensk region, the western half of the Bryansk region and the western regions of the Kaluga region. It is characterized by dissimilative akan and yakan of the Zhizdrinsky, or Belarusian, type, in which in the syllable before the stress in place of the letters she i, the sound is pronounced and, if the vowel a is under the stress; in all other cases, the sound a is pronounced (sistra, prila, rika, tilyat, zviryat, glidet, but syastra, syastroy, to syastra, u syastra, strand, u ryaki, tyalyonok, dyarevnya, etc.). In the place in before the consonant and at the end of the word in these dialects, as well as in the dialects of the southern group, it is pronounced u; same. the sound is pronounced in place of l in words like long, wolf and in masculine past tense verbs (dougo, vook, day and so on.). This group is also characterized by some features that unite it with part of the western group of the Northern Russian dialect and with the Pskov dialects: these are the form of names, pad. pl. including personal pronouns of the 3rd person in -ы (ony, yen), forms of the verbs rinsing, rinsing instead of rinsing, rinsing, etc., form to sister instead of to sister.

The South Russian dialect is characterized by some other features that are not associated with individual groups, but are present in different parts of the dialects of this dialect: softening after soft consonants (Vankya, hostess), which is also characteristic of the dialects of the Vologda-Kirov group; replacing f with x or xv: sarahvan, kokhta, ending -о8о in the genitive case of adjectives and pronouns (a feature also found in some dialects of the Northern Russian dialect); agreement of neuter nouns with a feminine adjective: my dress, a big bucket.

Central Russian dialects, occupying the territory between the Northern Russian and Southern Russian dialects, are characterized by a combination of Akanya with Northern Russian features. By origin, these are mainly Northern Russian dialects, which have lost their Okanian dialects and adopted some features of the southern dialects.

Among the Central Russian dialects, an array of Pskov dialects stands out (the southwestern regions of the Leningrad region, most of the Pskov region and the western part of the Kalinin region), which have a northern basis and Belarusian layers. It is characterized by a strong yakan, in which in place of the letters e and i in the syllable, a is always pronounced before the stress (syastra, syalo, lyasok, nyasi, tyaryat, etc.). In these dialects they pronounce evil, ryu, myyu or evil, rey, meyu instead of evil, royu, mine. Clattering is common, u instead of v (lauka, drow); creation is down. pl. h. on -m: let's go pick mushrooms, plowed the plows. Instead of forests, houses, eyes, forests, dbmas, eyes, etc. will be said here.

The remaining Central Russian dialects are characterized by various combinations of Northern Russian and Southern Russian features, depending on which dialects of the Northern Russian or Southern Russian dialect they are adjacent to.

The western and eastern subgroups are not clearly differentiated from each other, but still some dialectal features characterize each of them. Thus, in some of the dialects of the Western subgroup, a special type of Yakanya is widespread - the so-called assimilative-moderate, which is not widespread anywhere else in the compact territory. Here they pronounce lanno, onna, as well as omman, ommeril instead of okay, one, deceit, measured, etc. The forms are common in the sixth grade instead of in the sixth, etc. The eastern subgroup is characterized by ekanye or moderate yakanye, pronunciation Vankya, chaykyom and etc., forms of pronouns tek, sek, teyo, seyo.

The penetration of some southern Russian phenomena to the north and northern Russian phenomena to the south also occurs beyond the boundaries of the Central Russian dialects proper. In particular, the penetration of a significant number of southern Russian forms is observed in the Vladimir-Volga region group. On the other hand, dialect unities identified by one phenomenon are often violated by others, which characterize only part of the dialects of a given dialect and at the same time can combine these dialects with the dialects of some other dialects. For example, the western and partly Olonets groups of dialects of the Northern Russian dialect, according to the forms of the 3rd person pronouns - yon, yena and yeno, are combined with the Pskov subgroup and part of other Central Russian dialects, with the dialects of the western and southern, or Oryol, groups of the southern Russian dialect. The Oryol and Western groups of the South Russian dialect, based on the hard labial consonants at the end of the word in accordance with the soft labials in other dialects and in the literary language (sem, golub instead of seven, dove), are combined with the Pskov subgroup and part of the western subgroup of Central Russian dialects and almost all Northern Russian dialect, excluding the Vladimir-Volga dialects and some dialects of the Vologda-Kirov group.

In many cases, dialect groups that are more extensive territorially contain small, narrowly local groups of dialects. One of these local groups, the so-called “Gdov Island,” is located in the northern part of the distribution of the Pskov group of dialects in the territory adjacent to Lake Peipus from the northeast. It is characterized by a special type of vocalism, transitional from okanya to akanya (Gdov akanye and yakanye). The “Gdov Island” is characterized by the forms of names. pad. pl. including nouns (feminine) R. na -ya (yamL, postelk) and some other peculiar features. In the north of the Ryazan region, in Meshchera, there is also a peculiar grouping of dialects.

At the junction of the western, Tula and southern groups of the South Russian dialect, a unique and very heterogeneous territory stands out. Within its boundaries are the dialects of Kaluga Polesie with closed 6 zhe or diphthongs in place of the vowels o zhe (vudlyazhlzh volya, miera or measure, etc.) and strong stretching of various unstressed vowels. To the northeast and east of Kaluga Polesie there are dialects in which shay is pronounced instead of chai, kuris instead of chicken, as in a significant part of the dialects of the southern group. In all these dialects they will say I walk, but I don’t walk, I love, but I don’t love, which is also observed in the dialects of the southern group.

The study of the geographical distribution of lexical differences has shown that among them there are those that can serve to characterize the adverbs and groups of dialects described above. Thus, the entire Northern Russian dialect is characterized by the words shaky with cradle\ ladle, kvashnya, ukhvat,. a frying pan, a threshing machine or a thresher with a flail, winter, drying and lambing (about a sheep) and some others; for South Russian - the words tok Platform for threshing 5, cradle with cradle 5, dezha with kashnya\ korets with ladle\chapelnik or tsapelnik, chaplya, chepela (and other words of the same root meaning "frying pan 5"), flail, greens or greenery in according to the northern winter, cat or sukochaya z has lambed (about a sheep).A large number of dialect differences are manifested in the fact that the same concept is conveyed in different words, common in many microterritories.

Most of the outlying territories, gradually settled by the Russian population, are characterized by dialect diversity. These are the Russian dialects of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the eastern part of the Penza region, and partly the Kuibyshev and Saratov regions. Under special conditions, the dialects of various groups of Cossacks developed; in each of them, a more or less homogeneous dialect was formed over the centuries from heterogeneous elements. Thus, the dialects of the Don and Kuban Cossacks were the result of the interaction of the Ukrainian and Russian languages. The Ural Cossacks developed a dialect on a Northern Russian basis. Among the Russian dialects of Siberia, the territory of relatively late Russian settlement, there are different dialects of old residents and dialects of new settlers. The old-timers' dialects are of the Northern Russian type, since the waves of colonization in Siberia initially came from the northern European regions of Russia. Dialects of this type are common in the western as well as in the northern part of Siberia along old waterways. The dialects of the new settlers who settled in the middle of the 19th century. along the main Siberian tract and to the south of it, they are distinguished by great diversity. These are South Russian and Central Russian dialects, which have largely retained their characteristics. A special place is occupied by the dialects of the Altai “Poles” (in the region of Zmeinogorsk and Biysk) and “Semeyskie” (in Transbaikalia). The peculiarities of the settlement of Siberia by Russians led to close mutual influence of both different Russian dialects among themselves, and Russian dialects with various languages ​​of the local population. As a result of interaction with non-Slavic languages, Russian dialects in Siberia acquired some features that were absent in the dialects of the European part. In areas where communication with the non-Slavic population was especially close, Russian dialects were replenished with local words, for example, mergen "hunter" (in Tobolsk dialects), torbaza with fur boots 5 (in the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic), shurgan "blizzard in the steppe 5 (in the south -east of Siberia), etc. Under the influence of the Ostyak, Nenets, Tungus, Yukagir and other languages, a mixture of whistling and hissing consonant sounds (s\sh, z:zh), “sweet-tongued”, developed in dialects mainly in the northeast of Siberia , which consists in pronouncing y instead of ril: goyova, yevet, as well as the pronunciation of hard labial consonants instead of soft ones: med. ima, maso, biru, pyrog, vyzhu, etc.

The study of dialect differences provides interesting and valuable material for elucidating the ethnic history of the Russian people, migration processes and phenomena, as well as problems of cultural mutual influences between individual peoples of our country.

A dialect is a language system that serves as a means of communication for a small territorially closed group of people, usually residents of one or several rural settlements. In this meaning, the term “dialect” is synonymous with the Russian term “dialect”. A dialect is also called a set of dialects united by common linguistic features. The continuity of the territory of distribution as a condition for the unification of dialects into a dialect is not recognized by all researchers.

It is customary to distinguish between territorial dialects - varieties of language used in a certain territory as a means of communication by the local population - and social dialects - varieties of language spoken by certain social groups of the population.

A dialect can differ from a standard language at all levels of the language system: phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactic. So, for example, some northern dialects of the Russian language are characterized by a rounded pronunciation, replacing the sound “Ch” with “C” (“tsai” instead of “chai”, “tserny” instead of “black”, etc.). Another feature of some northern dialects is the coincidence of the endings of the instrumental and dative cases of the plural of nouns. For example: “work with your hands” instead of the all-Russian “work with your hands.” But, of course, the biggest differences are in the area of ​​vocabulary.

So, in Northern Russian dialects, instead of the all-Russian “good” they say “baskoy”, instead of “neighbor” they say “shaber”; in Siberian villages, gooseberries are called “argus,” huts are called “buda,” and instead of the common Russian “branch,” they say “gilka.” Dialectal differences in the Russian language as a whole are very small. A Siberian easily understands a Ryazan, and a resident of Stavropol understands a Northern Russian. But in countries such as Germany or China, the differences between individual dialects can be even greater than the difference between Russian and Polish. Since in such countries communication between people speaking different dialects is very difficult or even impossible, the role of a national literary language in them increases sharply. Literary language here serves as a factor that unites the entire population of the country into one people. On the other hand, there are languages ​​in which there is no dialect division at all. An important difference between dialects and literary languages ​​is the absence of an independent form of writing in dialects (exceptions are few).

Let us briefly list some features of the main adverbs of the Russian language. Northern dialect. Distributed north of the line St. Petersburg - Novgorod - Borovichi - Bezhetsk - Kalyazin - Rostov - Yuryevets. The main groups of dialects: Ladoga-Tikhvin, Vologda, Komstroma.

In the northern dialect, the following features stand out: first of all, this is okaniya (full pronunciation of the sound o in unstressed syllables), the pronunciation of a stop g, the absence of the sound “yot” [j] between vowels (on delat, she is good), the combination mm instead of bm (omman, ommiryal), pronunciation of s instead of st at the end of words (mos, hvos), declension of words in -ushk, -yushk according to the type of masculine and neuter words (dedushko), coincidence of forms of the dative and instrumental cases of plural. numbers (with empty buckets), etc. In a significant part of the northern dialects there is a clicking sound (ts"ashka, ts"ai).

In some dialects, forms of collective meaning are used as the plural: beast, mosquito, bear. You can find such archaic plural forms as snygi (instead of the literary snegb). Vologda and Arkhangelsk dialects are characterized by a peculiar “interrogative” intonation of narrative sentences, which gives the speech a so-called “melody.”

In the vocabulary of northern dialects, words are used such as kashnya - a vessel where dough is fermented, ladle - a vessel for scooping up liquids, a frying pan used to grip a frying pan, zybka - a cradle.

Borrowings from Finno-Ugric languages ​​are common: lahta (from Finnish laahti - bay), luda (from Finnish luoto - rock). Southern dialect. Distributed south of the Sebezh - Velikiye Luki - Rzhev - Naro-Fominsk - Kolomna - Kasimov line. Groups of dialects: Western, Upper Dnieper, Upper Desninsky, Kursk-Oryol, Eastern (Ryazan). colloquial dialectism professional slang

The southern dialect is characterized by akanation, the pronunciation of the fricative (aspiratory) r, and the forms of the pronouns me, you, and in your genus. and wine singular case (these are more archaic forms than the northern ones of me, you, myself), the ending t" is soft in the 3rd person of the verb (he walk, sing). In many southern dialects there is a partial loss of the neuter gender, which is replaced, as a rule, by the feminine gender, less often on the male (large herd, milk flowed out).

In the vocabulary of southern dialects the following are used: dezha - for preparing dough, korets - for scooping up liquids, chaplya - for gripping a frying pan, cradle - cradle, kochet - rooster. The words top, peak in the meaning of “ravine”, “bottom”, “deep longitudinal hole” are common. There are borrowings from Turkic languages: biryuk (wolf). Central Russian dialects. They stretch in a rather narrow strip from northwest to southeast, occupying the space between the northern and southern dialects, where Novgorod, Pskov, Tver, Moscow, Vladimir, and Nizhny Novgorod are located.

Among the Central Russian dialects, the following stand out: Western regional dialects - Novgorod, Gdov; Western Acai - Pskov, Seliger-Torzhkov; eastern bordering Central Russian - Vladimir-Volga region; Eastern Akaya Central Russian. Central Russian dialects developed relatively late - after the formation of the centralized Moscow state in the 14th century, when close contact arose between southern and northern dialects, which led to the formation of transitional dialects containing partly southern and partly northern features. The Moscow dialect, which formed the basis of the Russian literary language, also belongs to the transitional dialect. Central Russian dialects are characterized by the alternation of a voiced stop g with k at the end of a word; spread of the words kashnya, ukhvat, caftan. In general, central dialects are closer to the literary language than peripheral ones. They are characterized, for example, by the presence of five vowel phonemes and - y - e - o - a; distinguishing between c and h; l hard and l soft; distinction between hard and soft labials at the end of words, the presence of word forms mother-in-law, mother, daughter.

Moscow/St. Petersburg:

Entrance/Front

Curb/Curb

Turtleneck/Badlon

Travel card/card

Overpass/viaduct

Shawarma/Shaverma

Loaf/Roll

Donut/Donut

Tent/Stall

Chicken/Chicken

Utyatnitsa/Latka