Classifications of etiquette formulas. Chapter I. The culture of colloquial speech. About other personal qualities

05.11.2022

Speech etiquette is a system of requirements (rules, norms) that explain to us how to establish, maintain and break contact with another person in a certain situation. The norms of speech etiquette are very diverse; each country has its own peculiarities of communication culture. Speech etiquette is a system of rules.

It may seem strange why you need to develop special rules of communication and then stick to them or break them. And yet, speech etiquette is closely related to the practice of communication; its elements are present in every conversation. Compliance with the rules of speech etiquette will help you competently convey your thoughts to your interlocutor and quickly achieve mutual understanding with him.

Mastering the etiquette of verbal communication requires acquiring knowledge in the field of various humanitarian disciplines: linguistics, psychology, cultural history and many others. To more successfully master communication culture skills, they use such a concept as speech etiquette formulas.

Speech etiquette formulas

The basic formulas of speech etiquette are learned at an early age, when parents teach their child to say hello, say thank you, and ask for forgiveness for mischief. With age, a person learns more and more subtleties in communication, masters different styles of speech and behavior. The ability to correctly assess a situation, start and maintain a conversation with a stranger, and competently express one’s thoughts distinguishes a person of high culture, education and intelligence.

Speech etiquette formulas are certain words, phrases and fixed expressions used for three stages of conversation:

starting a conversation (greeting/introduction)

main part

final part of the conversation

Starting a conversation and ending it

Any conversation, as a rule, begins with a greeting; it can be verbal and non-verbal. The order of greeting also matters: the youngest greets the elder first, the man greets the woman, the young girl greets the adult man, the junior greets the elder. We list in the table the main forms of greeting the interlocutor:

Forms of greeting in speech etiquette.

Health wishes: Hello!

Indication of meeting time: Good afternoon!

Emotional wishes: Very glad!

Respectful form: My respect!

Specific form: I wish you good health!

At the end of the conversation, formulas for ending communication and parting are used. These formulas are expressed in the form of wishes (all the best, all the best, goodbye), hopes for further meetings (see you tomorrow, I hope to see you soon, we’ll call you), or doubts about further meetings (goodbye, farewell).

Main part of the conversation

Following the greeting, a conversation begins. Speech etiquette provides for three main types of situations in which various speech formulas of communication are used: solemn, mournful and work situations. The first phrases spoken after the greeting are called the beginning of the conversation. There are often situations when the main part of the conversation consists only of the beginning and the ending of the conversation that follows. Speech etiquette formulas - fixed expressions.

A solemn atmosphere and the approach of an important event require the use of speech patterns in the form of an invitation or congratulations. The situation can be either official or informal, and the situation determines what formulas of speech etiquette will be used in the conversation.

Examples of invitations and congratulations in speech etiquette.

Invitation Congratulations

Let me invite you. Let me congratulate you

Come, we will be glad. Congratulations

Invite you. On behalf of the team, congratulations

May I invite you. Congratulations with all my heart

A mournful atmosphere in connection with events that bring grief suggests condolences expressed emotionally, not routinely or dryly. In addition to condolences, the interlocutor often needs consolation or sympathy. Sympathy and consolation can take the form of empathy, confidence in a successful outcome, and be accompanied by advice.

Examples of condolences, consolation and sympathy in speech etiquette.

Condolence Sympathy, consolation

Let me express my deepest condolences. I sincerely sympathize

I offer you my sincere condolences. How do I understand you

My heartfelt condolences to you. Do not give up

I mourn with you. Everything will be OK

I share your grief. You don't have to worry so much

What misfortune has befallen you! You need to control yourself

In everyday life, the work environment also requires the use of speech etiquette formulas. Brilliant or, conversely, improper performance of assigned tasks can become a reason for gratitude or censure. When carrying out orders, an employee may need advice, for which it will be necessary to make a request to a colleague. There is also a need to approve someone else’s proposal, give permission for implementation or a reasoned refusal.

Examples of requests and advice in speech etiquette.

Request Advice

Do me a favor, follow through... Let me give you some advice

If you don't mind,... Let me offer you

Please don't take it as a hassle.. You'd better do it this way

May I ask you I would like to offer you

I kindly ask you, I would advise you

The request must be extremely polite in form (but without ingratiation) and understandable to the addressee; the request must be made delicately. When making a request, it is desirable to avoid the negative form and use the affirmative. Advice should be given uncategorically; giving advice will be an incentive to action if it is given in a neutral, delicate form.

Examples of consent and refusal in speech etiquette.

Consent Refusal

It will be done now. I can't help you

Please do not mind. I can't fulfill your request

Ready to listen to you. It's impossible now

Do as you see fit. I have to refuse you

It is customary to express gratitude to the interlocutor for fulfilling a request, providing a service, or providing useful advice. Also an important element in speech etiquette is a compliment. It can be used at the beginning, middle and end of a conversation. Tactful and timely, it lifts the mood of the interlocutor and encourages a more open conversation. A compliment is useful and pleasant, but only if it is a sincere compliment, said with a natural emotional overtones.

Examples of gratitude and compliments in speech etiquette.

Gratitude Compliment

Let me express my gratitude. You look wonderful

The company expresses its gratitude to its employees. You are so smart

I am very grateful to you for... You are a wonderful conversationalist

Thank you very much, you are a great organizer

Related information.

The basis of speech etiquette is speech formulas, the nature of which depends on the characteristics of communication.

Any act of communication has a beginning, a main part and a final part. In this regard, speech etiquette formulas are divided into three main groups: 1) speech formulas related to the beginning of communication; 2) speech formulas used at the end of communication; 3) speech formulas characteristic of the main part of communication. Let's look at what each group is.

1. Start of communication. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with acquaintance. Moreover, it can occur directly or indirectly. According to the rules of good manners, it is not customary to enter into a conversation with a stranger and introduce yourself. However, there are times when this needs to be done. Etiquette prescribes the following formulas:

- Let me get to know you (you).

-I would like to meet you (you).

-Let me get to know you.

-Let's get acquainted.

When visiting an institution, office, office, when you have a conversation with an official and you need to introduce yourself to him, the following formulas are used:

- Let me introduce myself.

- My last name is Kolesnikov.

-Anastasia Igorevna.

Official and informal meetings of acquaintances, and sometimes strangers, begin with greetings. In Russian the main greeting is Hello. It goes back to the Old Slavonic verb hello, which means “to be sound”, i.e. healthy. Along with this form, a common greeting indicating the time of the meeting is: Good morning!; Good afternoon!; Good evening!

In addition to commonly used greetings, there are greetings that emphasize the joy of meeting, respectful attitude, and the desire to communicate: (I am very glad to see you!; Welcome!; My regards.

2. End of communication. When the conversation ends, the interlocutors use formulas separation, termination communication. They express a wish (All the best to you! Goodbye!); hope for a new meeting (Until the evening (tomorrow, Saturday). I hope we will not be apart for long. I hope to see you soon); doubt about the possibility of meeting again (Farewell! It’s unlikely that we’ll be able to meet again. Don’t remember it badly).

3. After the greeting, a business conversation usually begins. Speech etiquette provides for several principles that are determined by the situation. Three situations are most typical: 1) solemn; 2) mournful; 3) working, business.

The first includes public holidays, anniversaries of the enterprise and employees; receiving awards; opening an office, store; presentation; conclusion of an agreement, contract, etc.

For any special occasion or significant event, invitations and congratulations follow. Depending on the situation (official, semi-official, informal), invitations and greeting cliches change.

Invitation:Let me (let me) invite you...;

Come to the celebration (anniversary, meeting...), we will be glad to see you,”

Congratulation:Please accept my (most) heartfelt (warm, ardent, sincere) congratulations...; On behalf of (on behalf of)… congratulations…; Heartily (warmly) congratulations...

A sad situation is associated with death, death, murder and other events that bring misfortune and grief.

In this case it is expressed condolences. It should not be dry, official. Formulas of condolences, as a rule, are stylistically elevated and emotionally charged: Allow me (allow me) to express (to you) my deep (sincere) condolences. I offer (you) my (accept mine, please accept my) deep (sincere) condolences. I share (understand) your sadness (your grief, misfortune).

The listed beginnings (invitation, congratulations, condolences, expressions of sympathy) do not always turn into business communication, sometimes the conversation ends with them.

In everyday business settings (business, work situations), speech etiquette formulas are also used. For example, when summing up the results of work, when determining the results of selling goods or participating in exhibitions, when organizing various events, meetings, the need arises to thank someone or, conversely, to reprimand or make a remark. At any job, in any organization, someone may have the need to give advice, make a proposal, make a request, express consent, allow, prohibit, or refuse someone.

Here are the speech cliches that are used in these situations.

Expression of gratitude:Let me (let me) express my (great, great) gratitude to Nikolai Petrovich Bystrov for the excellent (excellent) organized exhibition; The company (directorate, administration) expresses gratitude to all employees for…

Note, warning:The company (directorate, board, editorial office) is forced to issue a (serious) warning (remark)…; To (great) regret (chagrin), I must (force) make a remark (condemn) ...

Often people, especially those in power, consider it necessary to express their suggestions, advice in a categorical manner; All (you) are obliged (must)...; I strongly (persistently) advise (suggest) to do...

Advice and suggestions expressed in this form are similar to orders or instructions and do not always give rise to a desire to follow them, especially if the conversation takes place between colleagues of the same rank.

Handling request should be delicate, extremely polite, but without excessive ingratiation: Do me a favor, fulfill (my) request...; Don’t consider it a labor, please take it...

Consent, permission is formulated as follows:

- (Now, immediately) will be done (completed).

-I agree, do (do) as you think.

In case of failure expressions used:

- (I) cannot (unable, unable) to help (allow, assist).

-Sorry, but we (I) cannot (can) fulfill your request.

-I am forced to prohibit (refuse, not allow).

An important component of speech etiquette is compliment. Said tactfully and at the right time, it lifts the mood of the recipient and sets him up for a positive attitude towards his opponent. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, during a meeting, acquaintance, or during a conversation, when parting. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere compliment, a compliment for the sake of a compliment, an overly enthusiastic compliment are dangerous.

The compliment refers to appearance, indicates the recipient’s excellent professional abilities, his high morality, and gives an overall positive assessment:

- You look good (excellent, wonderful, excellent, magnificent, young).

-You are (so, very) charming (smart, quick-witted, resourceful, reasonable, practical).

- You are a good (excellent, wonderful, excellent specialist (economist, manager, entrepreneur, partner).

WITH It’s a pleasure (good, excellent) to do business with you (work, cooperate).

- I'm sorry!
Unfortunately, we often hear this form of address. Speech etiquette and communication culture- not very popular concepts in the modern world. One will consider them too decorative or old-fashioned, while another will find it difficult to answer the question of what forms of speech etiquette are found in his everyday life.

Content:

Meanwhile, the etiquette of verbal communication plays a vital role for a person’s successful activity in society, his personal life and the building of strong family and friendly relationships.

The concept of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette is a system of requirements (rules, norms) that explain to us how to establish, maintain and break contact with another person in a certain situation. Speech etiquette norms are very diverse, each country has its own peculiarities of communication culture.

speech etiquette - a system of rules

Mastery etiquette of verbal communication requires acquiring knowledge in the field of various humanitarian disciplines: linguistics, psychology, cultural history and many others. To more successfully master communication culture skills, they use such a concept as speech etiquette formulas.

Speech etiquette formulas

Speech etiquette formulas- these are certain words, phrases and set expressions used for three stages of conversation:

starting a conversation (greeting/introduction)
main part
final part of the conversation

Starting a conversation and ending it

IN ending a call use formulas for stopping communication and parting. These formulas are expressed in the form of wishes (all the best, all the best, goodbye), hopes for further meetings (see you tomorrow, I hope to see you soon, we’ll call you), or doubts about further meetings (goodbye, farewell).

Main part of the conversation

speech etiquette formulas - stable expressions

In everyday life, the work environment also requires the use of speech etiquette formulas. Brilliant or, conversely, improper performance of assigned tasks can become a reason for criticism or reproach. When carrying out orders, an employee may need advice, for which it will be necessary to make a request to a colleague. There is also a need to approve someone else’s proposal, give permission for implementation or a reasoned refusal.

The request must be extremely polite in form (but without ingratiation) and understandable to the addressee; the request must be made delicately. When making a request, it is advisable to avoid the negative form and use the affirmative. Advice should be given uncategorically; giving advice will be an incentive to action if it is given in a neutral, delicate form.

It is customary to express gratitude to the interlocutor for fulfilling a request, providing a service, or providing useful advice. Also an important element in speech etiquette is compliment. It can be used at the beginning, middle and end of a conversation. Tactful and timely, it lifts the mood of the interlocutor and encourages a more open conversation. A compliment is useful and pleasant, but only if it is a sincere compliment, said with a natural emotional overtones.

Speech etiquette situations

The key role in the culture of speech etiquette is played by the concept situation. Indeed, depending on the situation, our conversation can change significantly. In this case, communication situations can be characterized by a variety of circumstances, for example:

personalities of the interlocutors
place
time
motive

Personalities of the interlocutors. Speech etiquette is focused primarily on the addressee - the person being addressed, but the personality of the speaker is also taken into account. Taking into account the personality of the interlocutors is implemented on the principle of two forms of address - “You” and “You”. The first form indicates the informal nature of communication, the second - respect and greater formality in the conversation.

A place of communication. Communication in a certain place may require the participant to have specific rules of speech etiquette established for that place. Such places can be: a business meeting, a social dinner, a theater, a youth party, a restroom, etc.

In the same way, depending on the topic of conversation, time, motive or purpose of communication, we use different conversational techniques. The topic of conversation can be joyful or sad events; the time of communication can be conducive to being brief or to an extensive conversation. Motives and goals are manifested in the need to show respect, express a friendly attitude or gratitude to the interlocutor, make an offer, ask for a request or advice.

Any national speech etiquette makes certain demands on representatives of its culture and has its own characteristics. The very appearance of the concept of speech etiquette is associated with an ancient period in the history of languages, when each word was given a special meaning, and faith in the effect of the word on the surrounding reality was strong. And the emergence of certain norms of speech etiquette is due to the desire of people to bring about certain events.

But the speech etiquette of different nations is also characterized by some common features, with the difference only in the forms of implementation of speech norms of etiquette. Each cultural and linguistic group has formulas for greeting and farewell, and respectful addresses to elders in age or position. In a closed society, a representative of a foreign culture, unfamiliar with the peculiarities national speech etiquette, appears to be an uneducated, poorly brought up person. In a more open society, people are prepared for differences in the speech etiquette of different nations; in such a society, imitation of a foreign culture of speech communication is often practiced.

Speech etiquette of our time

In the modern world, and even more so in the urban culture of the post-industrial and information society, the concept of the culture of verbal communication is changing radically. The speed of changes occurring in modern times threatens the very traditional foundations of speech etiquette, based on the idea of the inviolability of social hierarchy, religious and mythological beliefs.

Study of norms speech etiquette in the modern world turns into a practical goal focused on achieving success in a specific act of communication: if necessary, attract attention, demonstrate respect, inspire trust in the addressee, his sympathy, create a favorable climate for communication. However, the role of national speech etiquette remains important - knowledge of the peculiarities of foreign speech culture is a mandatory sign of fluency in a foreign language.

Russian speech etiquette in circulation

Main feature Russian speech etiquette One can call it its heterogeneous development throughout the existence of Russian statehood. Serious changes in the norms of Russian language etiquette occurred at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The previous monarchical system was distinguished by the division of society into classes from nobles to peasants, which determined the specifics of treatment in relation to the privileged classes - master, sir, master. At the same time, there was no uniform appeal to representatives of the lower classes.

As a result of the revolution, the previous classes were abolished. All addresses of the old system were replaced by two - citizen and comrade. The citizen's appeal has acquired a negative connotation; it has become the norm when used by prisoners, criminals, and detainees in relation to representatives of law enforcement agencies. The address comrade, on the contrary, was fixed in the meaning of “friend”.

During communism, only two types of address (and in fact, only one - comrade), formed a kind of cultural and speech vacuum, which was informally filled with such addresses as man, woman, uncle, auntie, guy, girl, etc. They remained and after the collapse of the USSR, however, in modern society they are perceived as familiarity, and indicate a low level of culture of the one who uses them.

In post-communist society, the previous types of address gradually began to reappear: gentlemen, madam, mister, etc. As for the address comrade, it is legally enshrined as an official address in law enforcement agencies, the armed forces, communist organizations, and in the collectives of factories.

In preparing the article, materials from the Online Encyclopedia Around the World and the RGUI Library were used.

The basis of speech etiquette is speech formulas, the nature of which depends on the characteristics of communication.

1. Start of communication. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with acquaintance. Moreover, it can occur directly or indirectly. According to the rules of good manners, it is not customary to enter into a conversation with a stranger and introduce yourself. However, there are times when this needs to be done. Etiquette prescribes the following formulas:

– Let me get to know you (you).

– I would like to meet you (you).

– Let me get to know you.

– Let's get acquainted.

When visiting an institution, office, office, when you have a conversation with an official and you need to introduce yourself to him, the following formulas are used:

– Let me introduce myself.

– My last name is Kolesnikov.

– Anastasia Igorevna.

Official and informal meetings of acquaintances, and sometimes strangers, begin with a greeting. In Russian the main thing is greetings – Hello. Along with this form, a common greeting indicating the time of the meeting is: Good morning!; Good afternoon!; Good evening! In addition to commonly used greetings, there are greetings that emphasize the joy of meeting, respectful attitude, and the desire to communicate: (I am very glad to see you!; Welcome!; My regards.

2. End of communication. When the conversation ends, the interlocutors use formulas for parting and stopping communication. They express a wish (All the best to you! Goodbye!); hope for a new meeting (Until the evening (tomorrow, Saturday). I hope we will not be apart for long. I hope to see you soon); doubt about the possibility of meeting again (Farewell! It’s unlikely that we’ll be able to meet again. Don’t remember it badly).

3. After the greeting, a business conversation usually begins. Speech etiquette includes several beginnings, which are determined by the situation. Three situations are most typical: 1) solemn; 2) mournful; 3) working, business.

The first includes public holidays, anniversaries of the enterprise and employees; receiving awards; opening an office, store; presentation; conclusion of an agreement, contract, etc.

For any special occasion or significant event, invitations and congratulations follow. Depending on the situation (official, semi-official, informal), invitations and greeting cliches change.

Invitation: Let me (let me) invite you...;

Come to the celebration (anniversary, meeting...), we will be glad to see you,”

Congratulation: Please accept my (most) heartfelt (warm, ardent, sincere) congratulations...; On behalf of (on behalf of)… congratulations…; Heartily (warmly) congratulations...

A sad situation is associated with death, death, murder and other events that bring misfortune and grief. In this case, condolences are expressed. It should not be dry, official. Formulas condolences, as a rule, are stylistically elevated and emotionally charged: Allow me (allow me) to express (to you) my deep (sincere) condolences. I offer (you) my (accept mine, please accept my) deep (sincere) condolences. I share (understand) your sadness (your grief, misfortune).

The listed beginnings (invitation, congratulations, condolences, expressions of sympathy) do not always turn into business communication, sometimes the conversation ends with them.

Let's give speech clichés, which are used in these situations.

Expression of gratitude: Let me (let me) express my (great, great) gratitude to Nikolai Petrovich Bystrov for the excellent (excellent) organized exhibition; The company (directorate, administration) expresses gratitude to all employees for…

Note, warning: The company (directorate, board, editorial office) is forced to issue a (serious) warning (remark)…; To (great) regret (chagrin), I must (force) make a remark (condemn) ...

Often people, especially those endowed with power, consider it necessary to express their proposals and advice in a categorical form; All (you) are obliged (must)...; I strongly (persistently) advise (suggest) to do...

Making a request should be delicate, extremely polite, but without excessive ingratiation: Do me a favor, fulfill (my) request...; Don’t consider it a labor, please take it...

Consent and permission are formulated as follows:

– (Now, immediately) will be done (completed).

– I agree, do (do) as you think.

When refusing, the following expressions are used:

– (I) cannot (unable, unable) to help (allow, assist).

– Sorry, but we (I) cannot (can) fulfill your request.

– I am forced to prohibit (refuse, not allow).

An important component of speech etiquette is compliment. Said tactfully and at the right time, it lifts the mood of the recipient and sets him up for a positive attitude towards his opponent. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, during a meeting, acquaintance, or during a conversation, when parting. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere compliment, a compliment for the sake of a compliment, an overly enthusiastic compliment are dangerous.

The compliment refers to appearance, indicates the recipient’s excellent professional abilities, his high morality, and gives an overall positive assessment:

– You look good (excellent, wonderful, excellent, magnificent, young).

– You are (so, very) charming (smart, quick-witted, resourceful, reasonable, practical).

– You are a good (excellent, wonderful, excellent specialist (economist, manager, entrepreneur, partner).

- WITH It’s a pleasure (good, excellent) to do business with you (work, cooperate).

The peculiarities of Russian speech etiquette lie in certain words, phrases and fixed expressions. They are used in three stages of conversation: at the beginning of the conversation, or introduction, the main part of the conversation and the final part of the conversation. For competent interaction of all three stages, as well as for using the norms and rules of communication, the formulas of Russian speech etiquette are used. Basic formulas, such as a polite greeting or gratitude, are learned from childhood. With age, speech etiquette acquires more and more subtleties. Let's consider speech formulas used in different situations:

1. Starting a conversation, greeting:

· wishes for health: hello;

· use of meeting time: good afternoon, good evening;

· emotional greeting: very happy;

· respectful greeting – my respects.

2. The main part of the conversation. The formulas for this part of the conversation are used depending on the event during which communication occurs. This could be a festive meeting, or a sad event associated with the loss of loved ones or other unfortunate events. This also includes conversation in a normal everyday setting.

Forms of communication in a festive setting have two types - an invitation to the event itself and congratulations if you have already come to the holiday.

1. Invitation: come, we will be glad, let me invite you, I invite you, may I invite you.

2. Congratulations: I congratulate you with all my heart, please accept our congratulations, allow me to congratulate you, we congratulate you on behalf of the team.

3.Sad events. At events that have a tinge of grief and sadness, it is necessary to use forms expressing sympathy and condolences: accept my condolences, I offer you my sincere condolences, I mourn with you, I offer you my heartfelt condolences, allow me to express my deepest condolences, I sincerely sympathize with you, hang in there.

4.Casual work environment. Communication with superiors and colleagues includes a lot of features of speech etiquette. These could be requests, compliments, advice and gratitude. Also, in a work environment, it is impossible to do without refusing and agreeing to the interlocutor’s requests:

· advice: I would advise you, let me offer you, I would like to offer you, let me give you advice;

· request: if it doesn’t bother you, I kindly ask you, don’t consider it difficult, may I ask you;

· gratitude: thank you very much, I express my gratitude to you, let me thank you, I am very grateful to you;

· compliment: you are an excellent conversationalist, you look great, you are an excellent organizer;

· agreement: ready to listen to you, please, I don’t mind, do as you think is right;

· refusal: I have to refuse you, I am unable to help you, I cannot fulfill your request.

3. Ending the conversation. Depending on how the conversation proceeded, farewell to the interlocutor can take different forms:

· wishes: all the best, all the best to you, goodbye, have a good day;

· hope for a quick meeting (or a new meeting): I hope for a quick meeting, see you, goodbye, see you tomorrow (or until the agreed day of the week);

· doubt that we will meet soon: it is unlikely that we will see you again, goodbye, farewell.

The Russian language and speech etiquette have a lot of different forms and types of communication. It is not necessary to memorize the most common phrases and expressions. It is quite possible to allow variations, depending on the situation in which you find yourself. The main thing in Russian speech etiquette is to be extremely polite and courteous, then the right words will appear on their own.

Etiquette (French) etiquette) – a set of rules of conduct and treatment accepted in certain social circles (at the courts of monarchs, in diplomatic circles, etc.). Typically, etiquette reflects the form of behavior, treatment, and rules of courtesy accepted in a given society, inherent in a particular tradition. Etiquette can act as an indicator of the values of different historical eras.

At an early age, when parents teach their child to say hello, say thank you, and ask for forgiveness for pranks, learning occurs. basic formulas of speech etiquette.

Speech etiquette - This is a system of rules of speech behavior, norms for the use of language means in certain conditions. Speech communication etiquette plays an important role for a person’s successful activity in society, his personal and professional growth, and the building of strong family and friendly relationships. To master the etiquette of verbal communication, knowledge from various humanitarian fields is required: linguistics, history, cultural studies, psychology. To more successfully master cultural communication skills, they use such a concept as speech etiquette formulas.

In everyday life, we constantly communicate with people. Any communication process consists of certain stages:

· starting a conversation (greeting/introduction);

· main part, conversation;

· final part of the conversation.

Each stage of communication is accompanied by certain cliches, traditional words and fixed expressions – speech etiquette formulas. These formulas exist in the language in ready-made form and are provided for all occasions.

To the formulas of speech etiquette words of politeness include (sorry, thank you, please), greetings and farewells (hello, greetings, goodbye), appeals (you, you, ladies and gentlemen). Greetings came to us from the west: good evening, good afternoon, good morning, and from European languages - farewells: all the best, all the best.

The sphere of speech etiquette includes ways of expressing joy, sympathy, grief, guilt, accepted in a given culture. For example, in some countries it is considered indecent to complain about difficulties and problems, while in others it is unacceptable to talk about one’s achievements and successes. The range of conversation topics varies across cultures.

In the narrow sense of the word speech etiquette can be defined as a system of linguistic means in which etiquette relations are manifested. Elements and formulas of this system can be implemented at different language levels:

At the level of vocabulary and phraseology: special words, set expressions, forms of address (thank you, excuse me, hello, comrades, etc.)

At the grammatical level: for polite address, use plurals and interrogative sentences instead of imperatives (You won't tell me how to get there...)

On a stylistic level: maintaining the qualities of good speech (correctness, precision, richness, appropriateness, etc.)

At the intonation level: using calm intonation even when expressing demands, dissatisfaction, or irritation.

At the level of orthoepy: use of full forms of words: з hello instead of hello, please instead of please, etc.

On organizational and communicative level: listen carefully and do not interrupt or interfere in someone else’s conversation.

Speech etiquette formulas are characteristic of both literary and colloquial, and rather reduced (slang) style. The choice of one or another speech etiquette formula depends mainly on the communication situation. Indeed, the conversation and manner of communication can vary significantly depending on: the personality of the interlocutors, the place of communication, the topic of conversation, time, motive and goals.

A place of communication may require participants in a conversation to comply with certain rules of speech etiquette established specifically for the chosen place. Communication at a business meeting, social dinner, or in the theater will differ from behavior at a youth party, in the restroom, etc.

Speech etiquette depends on the participants in the conversation. The personality of the interlocutors primarily influences the form of address: you or you. Form You indicates the informal nature of communication, You – to respect and greater formality in conversation.

Depending on the topic of conversation, time, motive or purpose of communication, we use different conversational techniques.

What's happened ecology words are not easy to define due to the breadth and youth of this concept. Ecology words:
- this is the preservation of the native language, its verbal wealth, purity, health
- is the science of the integrity of language, its connection with the culture of its people and with the earthly semiosphere
- this is the science of the energy of the word, its creative power, its relationship with the biosphere, with the language of living nature
- this is, finally, the concept of the spiritual meaning of the word, of the deep relationship with the individual, with the character and destiny of the people, with the highest spiritual spheres.
The subjects of linguistic ecology are the culture of thinking and speech behavior, the education of linguistic taste, the protection and “improvement” of the literary language, the determination of ways and means of its enrichment and improvement, the aesthetics of speech.

An ecological approach to issues of speech culture and verbal communication presupposes a responsible attitude towards national linguistic traditions, the cultivation of an effective love for the native language, and concern for its past, present and future.
All this constitutes the essence of the ecological aspect of speech culture.

50) Question. The culture of speech in business communication is based on the established principles of corporate culture and national traditions. In commercial, entrepreneurial, political and other areas of activity, business meetings and negotiations have an important function, therefore the culture of speech in business communication is of no small importance. BUSINESS CONVERSATION

BUSINESS CONVERSATION.

A type of communication whose purpose is the exchange of information in professional, commercial and non-commercial areas of activity. During the D. o. Each of the participants strives to solve, first of all, problems relevant to their profession. For training D. o. Special teaching aids are published to introduce the peculiarities of using language for special purposes.

Business O. is distinguished by the fact that it is: a) strictly goal-oriented; b) regulated by normative documents (regulations, orders, charters); c) has a functional-role character, due to the need to observe the etiquette of ceremonies and procedures, which is expressed in the definite rules of the “game”, official clothing, professional vocabulary, caste, isolation, O. within the deﬁnition. circles and other elements; d) positionally structured, hierarchical, subordinate, which is reflected in the effect: “above” and “below”, i.e. in the relationship between a superior and a subordinate; e) manifests itself in the specific forms of O., style; f) attributive (takes place in special rooms, spatially designed, presupposes an appropriate environment, furniture, office equipment, lighting), which creates an optimal environment from the point of view of psychology. There are differences between business conversations (D.b.) and everyday conversations (P.b.): 1) D.b. are planned in advance and aimed at achieving the definition. goals, while P. b. occur, as a rule, by chance and without a predetermined goal; 2) number of topics discussed D. b. usually limited to the stated goal, P. b. are distinguished by a wide variety of topics discussed (personal, social, political aspects, etc.); 3) during D. b. they try to stick to the topic determined by the goal, but with the obligatory support of the psychol. contact and trusting relationships, during P. b. often jump from one topic to another; 4) P. b. have basically informational and emotional in nature and are not associated with the need to make any decision, while D. b. are associated with the need to draw certain conclusions based on the analysis of opinions and statements and develop appropriate decisions. The performance of a professional assessment is influenced by: the personality of the specialist (his authority, professional and communicative competence); the topic of the conversation, its importance and significance for the participants; the technique of conducting a conversation, on which its effectiveness depends; a personality trait of a person with whom a conversation is being held (his typological properties associated with belonging to a particular social group, individual characteristics), etc.