Features of public speech briefly. Abstract: Features of oral public speech. Before moving on to the expressiveness of artistic speech, it is necessary to note the basic conditions on which the expressiveness of human speech depends

Public speaking is the basis of oratory. In order for the performance to be bright and memorable, you need to follow some rules for the impact of oral speech on the listener:

1) the speaker must fully master the topic himself, clearly understand his tasks and the essence of the issue;

2) he must be convinced that he is right and try to convince the listener of it. It is very important that the lecturer does not doubt his answers;

3) you need to demonstrate personal interest in the process, in the topic, in its disclosure and attention to the audience;

4) try to psychologically influence the public. People should share your creative search, follow you;

5) you need a plan for your speech: in the form of abstracts, notes or notes, so that the speech sounds interesting and logical. But the viewer should not feel this. You can’t stand there for the entire performance with your nose to the notes. Ideally, you should have a plan in your head;

6) correct behavior during a performance. This includes both the speaker’s appearance, his speech culture and tactful behavior with possible opponents.

These conditions include good knowledge of the language and the ability to use this knowledge.

Public speaking also allows reading from a prepared text, but this often demonstrates the author’s inability to speak in public. Speech that is spoken rather than read from a sheet sounds more convincing and intelligible. Although it should be noted that at official meetings, meetings where numbers and exact data are discussed, it is necessary to read from the prepared material, since approximation is unacceptable here.

Pronunciation, stress and intonation are of great importance when delivering a speech. Speech should not be too fast, full of too complex words or words in a foreign language. Listeners should feel attention from you, there should be feedback from the audience. There should be small pauses and discussions throughout the speech to understand how the audience is reacting to the content. But all this is possible with complete mastery of the material. The speaker's speech must be cultural, regardless of the topic. Literacy is the foundation of any public speaking. This implies the need for careful preparation and repeated editing. The speech should not be drawn out, but should contain a clearly defined thought, the idea of ​​the author in an expanded form. Inaccuracies, cliches, and lack of logic make the most interesting topic a failure. The author can be advised to think carefully about the content and critically evaluate his ability to present the material. This question includes not only the volume and clarity of speech, but also the ability to quickly comprehend what you have to convey to the listener.

There should be a psychological contact between the listeners and the speaker. Of particular interest to speakers and researchers of spoken speech are the pauses that accompany emotional speech. They convey the feelings that surround the speaker. Although too long pauses in the speaker’s speech most likely do not indicate hesitation, but poor knowledge of the subject.

Public speaking is a difficult type of work, so you should prepare for the speech carefully and in advance.

THE SPEAKER AND HIS AUDIENCE

The word “orator” (from the Latin orare – “to speak”) is used in two meanings:

1) a person making a speech, speaking in public;

2) a person who knows how to speak well in public, has the gift of eloquence, and has mastery of words.

According to A.F. Merzlyakov, “Orator. tries not only to convince with reason, but especially wants to act on the will. The conviction of reason serves as a means to achieve the goal - the strongest ignition of passions."

Oratory is the art of constructing and delivering a speech in public with the goal of producing a desired impact on an audience. This art refers to skillful use of words, a high degree of mastery of the speaker. Being in the center of attention of the audience itself, the speaker is subject to comprehensive evaluation, ranging from appearance, demeanor and ending with personal charm, i.e., in order to count on the attention and respect of this audience, the speaker must have a certain set of skills and abilities. This must be a highly intelligent, erudite and visually attractive person. He must be free to navigate both in the field of literature and art, and in the field of science and technology.

A special moment in oratory is the audience. The person who is speaking must take into account that at the beginning of a lecture or meeting, the people sitting in front of him are not yet the audience. The speaker must attract the attention of more than a dozen people, so that from individual listeners they form into a socio-psychological community of people with special collective experiences.

The already established audience has some characteristics. For example, one of these signs is the homogeneity (heterogeneity) of the audience, i.e. gender, age, level of education and professional interests of the listeners. The quantitative composition of those present is also important. You should not organize a discussion in a large audience, where it is difficult to use arguments that everyone understands. But a small audience is characterized by a lack of integrity. But it is easier to manage a small audience and discuss controversial issues with it; you can focus on the discursive nature of communication. In this case, the speaker must know the subject and objectives of his speech very well. But reading from pre-prepared notes in this situation is unlikely to work.

A sense of community is another hallmark that differentiates an audience. It manifests itself when the listeners are in a certain emotional mood, when the entire audience in one emotional outburst applauds the speaker or shakes their head disapprovingly. In such an audience, each person lacks a personal “I”; everyone submits to the general and unconscious “we”.

Another motive is the motive for the action of listeners. When attending a lecture, people are guided by certain considerations. Psychologists distinguish three groups of points:

1) intellectual and cognitive (they come because the topic is interesting);

2) moral plan (obliged to be present);

3) emotional-aesthetic (I like the speaker, it’s nice to listen to him). Hence the different mood of listeners when perceiving the performance. The speaker must immediately understand and take into account all of the listed signs. A good speaker is distinguished by the ability to align his goals with the level of preparation of the audience.

BASIC TYPES OF ARGUMENTS

In any dispute, the main thing is to correctly and logically prove your point of view. To prove means to establish the truth of something. There is a distinction between direct and indirect evidence. With direct proof, the thesis is substantiated by arguments without the help of additional constructions. When constructing a logical proof, the speaker needs to know and follow the rules for putting forward a thesis and arguments. For example, true provisions and real facts should be used as arguments, where phenomena such as approximation and inaccuracy are not acceptable. The truth of the arguments must be proven regardless of the thesis. The arguments must be sufficient and weighty for this thesis. When these rules are violated, logical errors occur. There are many classifications of arguments. Since ancient times, it has been customary to divide arguments into logical, addressed to the mind of the listener, and psychological, affecting the feelings.

Logical arguments include the following judgments: theoretical or empirical generalizations and conclusions; previously proven laws of science; axioms and postulates; defining the basic concepts of a specific field of knowledge; statements of fact.

In the process of argumentation, it is necessary to separate the concepts of “fact” and “opinion”.

A fact is an undoubted, real phenomenon, something that actually happened.

Opinion expresses an assessment, one’s own or someone else’s view of some event or phenomenon. Facts exist on their own, regardless of our desire, of how we use them and relate to them. Opinions are influenced by various subjective factors and may be biased and erroneous. And that is why facts are more reliable arguments that should be trusted and believed. One of the most serious arguments is statistical data. It’s hard to argue with numbers, but you can’t abuse them, as you can lose the audience’s attention. But the main thing is that these data reflect the real state of affairs.

In a dispute between the speaker and the audience itself, psychological arguments also play an important role. If a speaker skillfully influences the feelings of listeners during a speech, then his speech becomes more colorful and better remembered. With the help of psychological arguments, you can touch any feelings, which helps to achieve the desired result. This type of argument can be divided into the following subtypes: to self-esteem; from sympathy; argument from promise; from condemnation; from distrust; from doubt.

When using psychological arguments, we must not forget that rhetorical ethics prohibits the speaker from appealing to the baser feelings of people and evoking emotions that give rise to conflict between those discussing.

It should be remembered that psychological arguments can be used as tricks and speculative devices.

Arguing is an art. An experienced speaker does not rush forward; he studies the opponent’s mistakes, but is in no hurry to take advantage of them. He tries to win over the audience with good and correct remarks, saving the main thing for the decisive part of the discussion. In a dispute, you should always have a clear idea of ​​the subject of the dispute and leave the strongest arguments in reserve.

PREPARING A SPEECH: SELECTING A TOPIC, PURPOSE OF SPEECH, SEARCHING FOR MATERIAL, STARTING, DEVELOPING AND COMPLETING SPEECH

Any public speech must be well prepared. It is a big mistake to rely only on your own strength. And speech preparation, in turn, is determined by many factors. You should take into account the type of speech, the topic of the speech, the goals and objectives that the speaker faces, and of course the composition of the audience. Modern rhetoric considers the following stages of preparation for a specific speech: choosing a topic, determining the purpose of the speech, selecting material, unfolding, completing the speech, mastering the material.

Choosing a topic is one of the most important initial stages of preparing a public speech. Often, the speaker does not have to choose the topic of the speech himself, but works on what the event organizers offer. In this case, the speaker must define the range of issues and specify this topic.

If the speaker chooses the topic himself, then the following points should be taken into account: the topic should correspond to his own interests and knowledge, it is better if it is a topic supported by his theoretical knowledge, the range of issues should be covered in such a way as to give the listeners something new.

It is desirable that the topic be timed to coincide with some event, that is, relevant at the moment.

The topic should be of interest to the entire audience and be useful to them in some way. The speaker must imagine the problems and interests of the given public.

The effectiveness of speech is the realization of the goal that was set at the beginning of the work. The speaker must formulate a goal not only for himself, but also for the audience. The speaker must be aware that his topic may not correspond to the level of knowledge and interests of the given audience.

To avoid such inconsistencies, the author must seriously approach the search for materials for the speech. The success of a public speech is determined primarily by its content. Therefore, you need to choose material on the topic that is as interesting and useful as possible.

Sources from which material can be taken are official documents; scientific and popular literature; reference literature; fiction; newspapers; sociological surveys; observations.

There must be several sources. You need to be able to work with the material so as not to miss anything important. An integral part of preparing for a performance is drawing up a plan, making all kinds of extracts and small notes.

For a successful presentation, it is not enough to study the literature on the chosen topic; you need to think about the question of how to arrange this material, that is, about the composition of your speech. The speech must contain a beginning (introduction), a development (the main part) and a conclusion (conclusion). The success of a speech largely depends on how the author began the speech. The introduction should emphasize the relevance of the topic and interest the audience.

The deployment outlines the main material. In this part, the main points must be proven and the author must lead listeners to a logical conclusion.

The basic rule of composition is the logic and harmony of the presentation of the material.

At the end of the speech, the results of what was said are summed up, conclusions are drawn and answers to questions are given.

Features of oral public speech

a) The role of public speech in the modern world

Recently, the tendency towards an increase in public speech in modern society has become more and more evident.

First of all, the role of the personal factor, charm, attractiveness, and persuasiveness of a person in communication is great. Oratory is an essential component of a person’s personal charm, especially if he occupies an important position in society.

Secondly, in modern society a special socio-psychological stereotype is being formed, trust in words.

Thirdly, oral presentation is much more effective than written presentation. This is the most ancient type of speech. Oral speech has a rich arsenal of communicative means: facial expressions, gestures, posture, intonation. All people speak oral language, even small children and inconspicuous people. Oral speech requires feedback from the audience. Oral presentation is faster than written presentation. It is characterized by ease of implementation.

Rhetoric is the science of the skill of public speaking. It answers the following basic questions: ʼʼHow to effectively influence an audience with your speech?ʼʼ, ʼʼHow to achieve success when speaking in public?ʼʼ.

b) Types of public speaking

There are many classifications of public speaking, and they are based on different parameters, for example, according to the goal set by the speaker.

1) The first type is protocol-ritual. This should be a greeting from the official delegation, an official congratulation to the hero of the day, an opening speech before an official event, a speech assessing the merits of the person.

2) The second type is entertaining. Often found at special occasions (toasts and speeches).

3) The third type is informational. The purpose is to communicate some information (conference, scientific lecture, message of instructions, announcement of an upcoming event).

4) The fourth type is persuasive. The goal is to convince, to show the correctness of the position taken by the speaker. It is necessary to strengthen or change the opinion of the audience. Occurs in scientific or political discussions.

5) The fifth type is motivating. The goal is to encourage action. Occurs at rallies, during election campaigns, etc.

Speeches are often complex.
Posted on ref.rf
Persuasive and motivating speech are of a propaganda nature.

c) General requirements for public speaking

Οʜᴎ are universal.

1) Clarity of the main idea, accessibility of presentation.

2) A decisive beginning and a decisive end.

3) Brevity. It is necessary to comply with the allotted regulations and save time.

4) Conversation. Increases confidence in the speaker and attention to the content of his speech.

5) Restrained emotionality.

6) Expressed need to convey ideas to people.

7) Establishing contact with the audience, which means adjusting the speech as it progresses.

At the same time, oral speech involves managing the behavior of the audience and managing one’s own behavior.

d) Preparing the speaker for the speech.

There are 4 basic methods of preparation.

1) Impromptu. (ᴛ.ᴇ. without preparation)

2) Outline. Prepare a detailed plan in advance, where each point is accompanied by a brief indication of the basic ideas that should be presented.

3) The text is prepared and read out in full.

4) Play by heart.

Paul Soper in his book “Fundamentals of the Art of Speech” wrote that they are necessary. reserve knowledge - this means that there should be 1/3 more material than required.

You need to think about your future speech in advance and you need to mentally break it down into semantic sets. There is no need to prepare for public speaking in one go.

e) General principles of constructing a public speech

1) The principle of brevity (the audience does not like long speeches).

2) The principle of consistency (logic and clarity).

3) The principle of focus (problem → topic → thesis → purpose of the speech).

4) The principle of amplification (speech influence should accumulate from its beginning to its end, which is achieved by arranging the material in order of importance, increasing emotional intensity).

5) The principle of effectiveness (a conclusion, a call to action, recommendations for further behavior are required).

Structure of a public speech.

It must be presented in a form convenient for presentation and perception. The usual traditional three-part model is recommended: 1) introduction; 2) main part; 3) conclusion. The audience expects such a structure, it is accustomed to such a composition.

The introduction may contain a beginning and a beginning. The purpose of the first is to prepare the audience for perception, to force them to listen, to attract attention. The purpose of the second is to explain the main thesis, to intrigue by the formulation of the problem, to show the relevance of the issue.

Main part. Statement of basic points. Argumentation of the main thesis of the speech.

The conclusion must contain a generalization, a generalizing conclusion formulated in words. Summoning The goal is to mobilize listeners for a response, which can be highlighted by certain words, postures, and tone.

Presentation of the most important information: information is remembered at the beginning and at the end of the projection, the so-called “frame construction”. The beginning of the speech is a necessary element. A well-prepared audience means a minimum of complication and vice versa. Delivering the main idea is the main thing in a speech. We must remember that effective completion is half the battle, “the end is the crown of the matter.”

Features of oral public speech - concept and types. Classification and features of the category “Peculiarities of oral public speech” 2017, 2018.

Before talking about the features of such a type of oral speech as public, it is necessary to consider the issue of the difference between oral and written speech.

There are fundamental differences between the forms of oral and written speech, which are associated with the conditions of speech production and its perception. They are in certain relationships to each other, but are not identical - the elements of one do not coincide with the elements of the other.

Voiced written speech is not oral speech. Written speech has special means of expression that are not used in spoken speech: letters of the alphabet, punctuation marks, fonts, signs, spaces, italics, etc. Auditory perception of speech is completely different from visual perception. A written speech can be re-read several times. Voiced written speech is perceived by listeners by no more than 50%.

The main instrument of oral speech is sound. In spoken speech it is important intonation, pitch change, amplification And weakening of sound, logical stress, tempo etc.

The uniqueness of oral speech lies in the fact that, due to the expansion of its scope, penetration into journalism and science, oral speech began to combine means of book and conversational styles. In oral speech, styles fluctuate; in such speech it becomes possible to combine linguistic means that are considered incompatible according to recognized stylistic norms.

In journalism, radio and television, the interaction of styles should be reasonable and restrained, since here there is a conscious choice of means of expression and a more or less careful selection of linguistic means. Written speech is prepared in advance; it can be corrected using dictionaries and reference books. Speech produced orally does not make it possible to correct an error without the knowledge of the listener. There is practically no time to correct oral speech, since often the formation of a thought and its reproduction aloud occurs at the same time, and this, in turn, requires the skills of correct and coherent speech. Oral speech can be expressed in two forms: dialogue and monologue. These forms consist of replicas. The most common types of dialogue forms of oral speech are motivating and question-and-answer. the monologue form provides for narrative-informative and expressive-emotional remarks. The size of the replicas may vary. In a dialogue, one-phrase remarks are most often used; a monologue is characterized by extended statements. Some interviews include speech of a monologue type, but, however, the form of conversation does not lose its dialogical character.

Monologue forms of oral public speech are characterized by the distance of the interlocutors and the absence of their direct communication. If dialogue most often involves a conversation between two persons connected in one way or another, then a monologue is addressed to a whole range of persons, the age, education and composition of which are diverse and heterogeneous. This fact does not allow us to count on direct understanding and forces us to use traditional forms of literary language. The monologue form of constructing the text of television and radio programs differs from the form of constructing the text of a newspaper in that the monologue on television and radio is always focused on an invisible interlocutor.

Public speech is the basis of oratory.

The speaker must have the following knowledge and skills:

1) self-confidence during public speaking;

2) the ability to continuously speak on a specific topic;

3) the ability to clearly express one’s thoughts and arrange them in precise sequence;

4) the ability to attract the attention of the audience;

5) expressiveness and brightness during performances;

6) artistry;

7) ability to persuade, etc.;

The speech allows reading from a text prepared in advance, but this may lead the audience to believe that the speaker (lecturer) is incapable of speaking in public. A speech delivered without a sheet of paper is perceived easier, more intelligibly and inspires trust and respect for the speaker. As a hint, it is allowed to have theses or an outline so that the speaker does not lose the thread of presentation. However, you should prepare for a public speech in advance so that your speech sounds convincing and interesting. But at any official meetings, reading from prepared material is allowed if we are talking about statistical data. Approximate numbers are inappropriate and unacceptable.

The speech must be clear, compact, and contain certain ideas in an expanded form. The skill of a speaker also lies in being able to establish psychological contact with listeners. Mutual attention and mutual understanding with the audience are required. During the speech, small pauses, remarks, and discussions are allowed and even encouraged so that the speaker can see the audience’s reaction to what is said. This is only possible with good, competent knowledge of the material. Long pauses in speech indicate poor knowledge of the subject. Whenever a dialogue with the audience may arise, the speaker must show tact.

Speaker and his audience

An orator (from Latin orator, orare - “to speak”) is one who makes a speech, gives a speech, as well as one who has the gift of speech, eloquence.

The skillful construction of a speech and its public delivery in order to achieve a certain result and the desired impact on listeners is oratory.

Human society is built on communication. Everyone can speak, but not everyone can speak beautifully, intelligibly, clearly, excitingly and interestingly, or speak confidently in front of an audience.

Skillful use of words, competent presentation of material, and the ability to behave in front of an audience are only part of what a speaker should have. Being in the center of attention, the speaker must be able to attract attention with his appearance, his natural abilities, and his manner of speaking and demeanor. As a rule, a professional speaker is an erudite, highly intelligent person, fluent in literature and art, as well as in science and technology, as well as in politics and the modern structure of society.

To count on the attention and respect of the listening audience, the speaker must have certain skills and abilities. Let's list some of them:

1) speaking confidently during any communication;

2) the ability to speak on any topic;

3) the ability to accurately express one’s thoughts;

4) use of active vocabulary, ability to use various speech techniques;

5) ability to argue and persuade.

Oratory is a dialogical relationship, on one side of which the speaker directly acts, and on the other, the listener or audience.

The audience is a community of people that acts as a single socio-psychological group.

The following characteristics are typical for the listening audience:

1) homogeneity (heterogeneity), i.e. differences in gender, age, level of education, interests of listeners;

2) the quantitative composition of those present;

3) a sense of community (a sign that manifests itself in a certain emotional mood of the audience, when the audience applauds or, conversely, expresses dissatisfaction);

4) the motive of the listeners’ action. People attend lectures for various reasons. According to psychologists, three groups of points can be distinguished:

a) intellectual-cognitive plan (when people come because the topic itself is of interest);

Lesson 8

Public speech is currently playing an increasingly active role in the life of society. Possession of the ability to speak in public, to effectively influence an audience with the help of words is an important prerequisite for success in many areas and types of professional activity: politics, management, trade, law, pedagogy, service, etc. The effectiveness of public speaking is determined by knowledge of the appropriateness of the statement, logic, emotionality and expressiveness of the speaker's speech. The greatest impression is made by speech that is spoken, but not read from the manuscript. It is important to give the listener the impression that the speech is being made directly at the moment of the speech, which should sound like a conversation with the audience. Communicativeness, an attitude towards live communication with listeners, is created by colloquial speech, visual and vocal contact. At the same time, every speech expecting success must be carefully prepared and thought out. At the same time, a goal is outlined, the material, methods of presentation and arrangement are determined, a speech plan (thesis, subthesis) is developed, and means of speech influence are determined. When choosing a topic for a speech, you must strive to ensure that it is interesting both for the speaker and for his listeners. The purpose of a speech can be entertainment, information, inspiration, persuasion, motivation (propaganda). The main sources of material for the presentation are: 1) personal experience; 2) reflections and observations; 3) conversation; 4) reading.

Oratory has never been homogeneous. Historically, depending on the scope of application, it was divided into various genera and types. In domestic rhetoric, the following main types of eloquence are distinguished: socio-political, academic, judicial, social, everyday, spiritual (theological-church). Each gender combines certain types of speech, taking into account the function that speech performs from a social point of view, as well as the situation of the speech, its topic and purpose.

TO socio-political eloquence includes speeches devoted to issues of state building, economics, law, ethics, culture, produced in parliament, at rallies, public meetings, sessions, etc.; To academic eloquence – educational lecture, scientific report, review, message; To judicial- speeches made by participants in the trial - prosecutor, lawyer, accused, etc.; To social and everyday– welcoming, table, anniversary speeches, etc.; To theological-ecclesiastical- sermons, speeches at the council.

Both logical and emotional arguments are used to influence the audience.

Logical arguments: 1) facts and their generalization (induction); 2) analogy (used only if a comparison of phenomena is appropriate); 3) inference about causal dependence (has two types: conclusion from cause to effect and conclusion from effect to cause); 4) deduction, or inference from a general position.

Explanation: deduction consists of three propositions: a major premise - a general position and a conclusion. This three-step process is called syllogism. An example of a syllogism from "Rhetoric" by M.V. Lomonosov:

I. Every prudent person talks about the future.

II. But Sempronius does not talk about the future.

III. Therefore Sempronius is unreasonable.

I - major premise, II - major premise, III - conclusion.

Emotional (psychological) arguments: 1) physical well-being (preservation of life and safety), freedom, convenience, habits of listeners; 2) material, economic and social interests of the public; 3) self-esteem of those gathered; 4) truth and grass (people's desire for truth and justice).

Any topic of speech requires development, that is, the creation of a set of so-called “commonplaces” or a pre-developed system of concepts that offers “ways of thinking” about any given topic. "Common place" or topos – This is a semantic model of speech. Topos (or tops) can be divided into three groups: definition(name, genus-species, part-whole, essence), juxtaposition(comparison and contrast) and circumstance(place, time, purpose, reason, course of action).

Public speeches usually have three parts: introduction, body, conclusion. The introduction highlights the beginning (its goal is to attract attention) and the beginning (its goal is to interest the audience). The main part formulates and explains the thesis, the main position of the speech, and provides arguments and facts in support of it. The purpose of the conclusion is to enhance the meaning of what has been said and create an appropriate attitude and mood in the listener. The conclusion may contain a reminder of the original thesis, a generalization, and an appeal.

An important role in creating the expressiveness of a speaker’s speech is played by the so-called tropes (expressive means) and figures (special speech techniques that increase its persuasiveness and impact). An example of a trope is a metaphor, an example of a figure is a rhetorical question (for more details on the tropes and figures of eloquence, see Appendix 2).

1. What are the reasons for the increasing role of public speech in modern society?

2. What is necessary for a successful speech by a speaker?

3. What are the requirements for the language and style of public speaking?

4. Describe the main types and types of oratory.

5. What types of logical and psychological arguments do you know?

Tasks:

Exercise 1. To what extent does the modern practice of technical means of mass communication satisfy the requirements for public speech? Choose to rate one of the radio or TV programs that contains a speech, conversation or interview. What moments in the organization of communication, in the form and content of speech, seemed successful and appropriate to you? What interfered with communication, made speech contact and understanding difficult? Plan a short speech answering this topic (3-5 minutes).

Exercise 2. Study the “Compositional structure of speech” diagram. What is the purpose of each compositional part of the performance? What methods of attracting attention, from your point of view, are the most effective? How do you understand the requirement for maximum brevity?

Compositional structure of speech
Parts of the speech	Techniques for attracting attention
Introduction Objectives: Arouse interest in the topic of the upcoming conversation - Establish contact - Prepare listeners for the perception of the speech - Justify the formulation of the question The main condition is maximum brevity. P. Main part of the Objectives: - Consistently explain and put forward the provisions - Prove their correctness - Lead students to the necessary conclusions. III. Conclusion Objectives: - Summarize what has been said - Increase interest in the subject of the speech - Emphasize the meaning of what was said - Set tasks - Call for direct action (in a rally speech).	- Appeal - Statement of the purpose of the speech, overview of the main sections of the topic - Technique of empathy - Statement of a paradoxical situation - Appeal to the interests of the audience - Technique of complicity - Appeal to events - Appeal to geographical or weather conditions - Appeal to the speech of the previous speaker - Appeal to authorities or well-known sources - Appeal to the speaker's personality - Humorous remark - Questions for the audience.

Exercise 3. Determine what mistakes were made in the following situations at the beginning of communication, which are often encountered in the practice of public speech.

"I want to tell you today about.-."

" Maybe , I’ll say it’s not entirely successful, but...”

"Dear friends! Let me tell you...".

“I’m just starting my career. But I’ll try to explain to you...”

“You, of course, already know what I have the honor to announce today.”

"You all remember that St. Petersburg was founded in 1703."

"I I’ll try to solve your problems: do you all want to do it better?”

“I won’t bore you for a long time and will say briefly, if you allow...”

“I’m very worried, so please forgive me for some confusion...”

“You will probably think that I don’t know the subject well...”.

"I always interested in the same things you are interested in..."

Exercise 4. Read the following text, answer the questions:

What errors are made in the text? Find them, write them down, explain how to say them in each individual case.

After all errors are corrected, rewrite the test
then the way it should look in your opinion.

Speech at a meeting

So, this, I, frankly speaking, will allow you, you know, to spend, so to speak, two minutes on my message, how my soul hurts, as a professional, and I bow before the audience for all their works on management and all the work of the company, Of course, I know very well, I understand.

Of course, that’s why you need to, in general, so to speak, send your samples, so to speak, to the local directorate, and they will come back to you, that’s it.

I’ll say one thing, I don’t think, let’s say, start over, dear ones, from the beginning, but it means we have to do it all over again, and that’s all there is to not understand, do you understand?

And also, it means that the issues came up for the general plan, we talked, or not do it at all, to be honest. Yes, for God's sake, even if no one knew, but the cash register is empty, that is. Coupled with samples, money, to be honest, can do a lot of work rather than closing a branch. Look, I’m already expressing poetry, and you will have staff who, as everyone says, are “persona nan grande.”

Well, now, to be honest, that's enough, seriously. There is no other way but up and forward, backwards will not work. And not on your uncle, that means blaming it, but only on yourself. We are professionals, so to speak. You understand, and get into action, if, so to speak, it is necessary.

If there are questions, maybe there are, then there is no need to answer here: everything, frankly, let’s say, is understandable, if there are no smart guys and idle people who don’t want to, that’s all, but they think that he’s on us, Of course, he swears without starting.

And all the engineers, so to speak, departments, they will remain, you know, well, at least for 20 or, therefore, 30 minutes, for sure.

Thank you, as they say, for your attention, just like that. And, therefore, we will do things everywhere to start, deepen our successes and take new examples for our corporate prosperity. Have a nice trip. Drive straight and forward, and there is nothing to see, which means turning your head back. That's why I'm finished, you know, so to speak. Our goal is more than two million rubles, and not an ounce less. Here. There are three million in the region, like our target program, you know, like that. I apologize if anything... (According to D. N. Alexandrov, pp. 457-458)

Exercise 5. Read the speech of lawyer F.N. Plevako in defense of an old woman from Syzran who stole a tin teapot worth about 50 kopecks and was put on trial by jury, since she was a hereditary honorary citizen. The prosecutor demanded punishment for the perpetrator of the theft, regardless of her venerable age and the insignificant value of the stolen property, due to the fact that disrespect for private property rights could lead to the destruction of the foundations of the state, but the jury sided with the lawyer and acquitted the client. Determine what expressive means and arguments the lawyer uses to convince the jury. Can the arguments be called correct?

“Russia had to endure many troubles and trials during its more than thousand-year existence. The Pechenegs tormented it, the Polovtsians, the Tatars, the Poles. About two dozen languages ​​fell upon it, they took Moscow. Russia endured everything, overcame everything, only grew stronger and grew from the trials ". But now, now... The old woman stole an old teapot worth thirty kopecks. Russia, of course, cannot stand this; from this she will perish irrevocably."

Exercise 6.Prepare the text of the informational speech (5 minutes). Justify the relevance of the chosen topic. Use techniques to attract the audience's attention in your introduction. Pay special attention to the final phrases of the speech. Create and communicate your speech plan to the audience. Keep in mind that your audience is the group's listeners. Read carefully the instructions for writing an informational speech.

I. Sample topics for an informational speech:

Events in our country.

Events abroad.

News of science and technology.

News of the cultural life of the city.

Sports news.

New literature.

The role of computers in production (economics, education, etc.).

P. Scheme for assessing informational speech:

1. Topic and purpose.

Are you interested? Are they appropriate? Are they relevant?

2. Introduction. Is it interesting?

Is an attention-getting technique used?

Is it too long?

3. Main part:

Is the plan thought through?

Is all the material relevant?

Are there enough examples?

Is the content specific?

Has the goal been achieved?

4. Conclusion:

Clear? Is there a generalization of what was said?

5. Pronunciation

Is the speaker confident?

Is the pose correct? Gestures?

Is the pace of speech appropriate? Isn't it monotonous?

Is there a connection with the audience?

Are there any speech errors?

III. A guide to writing an informational speech

“Informative speech from the first to the last word is the product of a deliberate plan. Otherwise, it will be neither interesting nor clear. Both can be achieved if it is built taking into account the interests of the listener, on an appropriate combination of elements of new and old, is specific in particulars and in in general, if it maintains a sense of forward movement, uses moments of a conflict-dramatic order, creates in the audience an ever-increasing expectation, culminating in a denouement.

The introduction should be selected and worked so that it attracts attention, raises interest, and explains the speaker’s intentions. The main part of the speech must be developed in accordance with a specific plan and taking into account the thematic task, the composition of the audience and the situation.

In conclusion, the goal is once again explained, the interest of the listeners is raised to the highest level, the meaning of the speech is emphasized, and everything possible is done to create the proper mood in the audience" (P. Soper).

Exercise 7. Familiarize yourself with some standard plans for propaganda speeches proposed by D. Carnegie. Based on one of them, prepare a propaganda speech on a topic close to you (3-5 minutes). Think about the means of attracting and holding the attention of the audience, logical and emotional arguments, and the expressive side of speech. Be especially careful about the beginning and ending of your speech.

A. 1. Statement of facts. 2. Considerations arising from them. 3. Call to action.

B. 1. Demonstrate something bad. 2. Show how to fix the matter. 3. Request for cooperation.

Q. 1. Here is a situation that needs to be corrected. 2. For this we need such and such. Z. You must help for such and such reasons.

G. I. Achieve interest and attention. 2. Gain trust. 3. State the facts and explain the merits of your proposal. 4. Provide compelling reasons to motivate people to act.

Exercise 8. Think over and write down a system of arguments to prove the thesis: “An educated person is a useful person.”

Exercise 9. Read Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address (November 19, 1863). Analyze the speech as follows:

1. Highlight the main ideas and concepts on which the speech is based.

2. Analyze the composition of the speech: what are the features of the introduction, what parts is the main part of the speech divided into, what characterizes the conclusion.

3. What verbal means create the style of this speech?

Eighty-seven years ago our fathers laid upon this continent the foundations of a new nation, conceived in liberty and devoted to the idea that all men are created equal. We are now involved in a great civil war, the issue of which must decide whether this nation or another, born under the same conditions and devoted to the same idea, can hope to continue to exist.

We have gathered on the great battlefield of this war. We have come here to dedicate part of it to the final resting place of those who gave their lives for the sake of the life of the nation. What we do is correct and worthy.

But, strictly speaking, we will not be able to sanctify, honor, or exalt this land. The brave men who fought here, living and dead, sanctified it so much that we cannot add or take anything away. The world will scarcely mark or long remember what we say here, but it will never forget what they have done.

Rather, we - the living - must give ourselves to the unfinished work that they so nobly served. We—the living—must rather devote ourselves to the great task still before us. From these dead, whom we honor, we must perceive even greater devotion to the cause for which they gave everything in which they could prove their devotion. And we are obliged to take a solemn oath that they did not die in vain, that our nation, with the help of God, will be reborn again to freedom, and the power of the will of the people, through the people and for the people will not disappear from the face of the earth.

Exercise 11. Carefully read Kozma Minin’s speech. What logical and emotional arguments does the speaker use and what role do tropes and figures play here in increasing the impact of speech?

Fellow citizens! The Fatherland is dying! The ferocity of the enemy is incredible, they occupied Moscow, if Moscow falls, we will fall too. Let's sacrifice everything, pledge our wives and children and redeem the Fatherland. Leader Pozharsky will show us the path to victory. Fellow citizens! Decide what awaits us - slavery or freedom.

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Now, in the modern world, there is a steady tendency towards a constant increase in the role of public speech. Oratory is an essential component of a person’s personal charm, especially if a person holds or aspires to any position, position in society, or place in the social hierarchy.

In modern society, a special socio-psychological stereotype is being formed - trust in the word. People whose statements and speech are outwardly correct in terms of language and are pleasant for their interlocutors are trusted and consider the thoughts they express to be correct and true.

There are a number of reasons why the effectiveness of an oral presentation is usually much higher than if the text were distributed to the audience in writing:

1. Oral presentation is the most ancient, and therefore the most mastered by mankind, type of speech, the most familiar to humans and the least labor-intensive for him.

2. Oral speech has a rich arsenal of communicative means - facial expressions, gestures, postures, intonation. As B. Shaw noted, there are 50 ways to say “yes” and “no” and only one way to write them.

3. Oral speech is a method of communication that is always mastered by all people, including small children; Not everyone speaks written language.

4. In oral speech, an additional influencing factor is the speaker’s personality, his appearance, emotionality, and conviction.

5. In oral speech, numerous duplications and repetitions of thoughts are allowed, which enhances its impact and facilitates understanding.

6. In an oral presentation, the creator, as a rule, has feedback from the listeners, can take into account their reaction and change his speech so as to achieve maximum effectiveness in these specific conditions.

7. In an oral presentation, there is usually a clear addressee for the speech, which makes it possible to focus the speech on the specific interests and characteristics of the audience.

8. An oral presentation is faster than a written one, it can be prepared faster, and its implementation most often takes less time.

9. Oral presentation is characterized, finally, by ease of implementation compared to written - there is no need for material costs, special means of reproduction, etc.

When communicating with people, a person constantly exerts verbal influence on them - he demands something from them, asks, asks for advice, convinces them of something, motivates them to action, tries to change their behavior, etc. All methods of verbal influence on a person can be divided into three types: persuasion, suggestion and coercion.

Belief as a form of speech influence, there is a change in the point of view of the interlocutor by giving arguments. In this case, arguments can be both logical and psychological, emotional.

Suggestion as a form of speech influence is a form of speech influence on a person without arguments or evidence. The most important characteristic feature of suggestion is that the person being suggested directly borrows someone else’s opinion and perceives it uncritically. Suggestion can be carried out due to the pressure of prestige (“Stalin is always right”), the emotional pressure of the speaker (children and women are especially susceptible to emotional suggestion), due to the correspondence of opinions to expectations. The last Method can be illustrated by the dialogue between Balaganov and Panikovsky from “The Golden Calf” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. Panikovsky invites Balaganov to steal the weights from Koreiko, claiming that they are gold.

Compulsion as a form of speech influence there is a way to force a person to act contrary to his wishes under the threat of unfavorable consequences for him. The coercion mechanism can be purely verbal (threats, intimidation), or it can also include non-verbal elements. As the famous American gangster El Capone said, “You can achieve much more with a kind word and a revolver than with a kind word alone.” Rolf Emerson, an American poet, critic and philosopher, wrote in the 19th century: “True eloquence needs neither a bell to ring the people nor a police force to maintain order.”

The American expert in the field of oratory F. Snell pointed out the following difficulties for the speaker:

You cannot interrupt the performance whenever you want;

You cannot count on your interlocutors; success depends only on you;

it is difficult to understand the audience’s attitude towards oneself;

listeners compare you with exemplary speakers, including on TV;

you cannot behave freely, the way you want;

Based on your performance, they will form an opinion about you that will be difficult to change.

F. Snell gives advice: “The Word is with you constantly. It is a wonderful every-minute advertisement of you and your work. Don't lose your chance!

The general requirements for public speaking reflect the experience of effective speaking, as well as the expectations of the audience and their wishes for the speaker.

The main requirements for public speaking are the following.

1 . Clarity of the main idea, accessibility of presentation. Paul Soper expressed the following thought: “It is usually not the topic that is incomprehensible, but the presentation.” In order for the main idea to be understandable, it is necessary, firstly, to have it, that is, you must firmly know what you want to say; secondly, it is necessary to make every effort (using special techniques; which will be discussed below) to make this idea accessible to listeners. As a result of the speech, the audience should be able to respond and formulate in words: what did he, the speaker, want to say?

2 . A decisive beginning and a decisive end. Both the beginning and the end should be short, clear, understandable and well thought out.

3 . Brevity. It is extremely important to comply with the allotted regulations, meet the allotted time and even save it a little. A speaker who finishes 1-2 minutes before the announced time always increases his rating with the audience. Short speeches are viewed by most audiences as smarter, more correct, and containing true information.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt gave his son good advice on this topic. Explaining to him how to speak publicly, F. Roosevelt gave him three pieces of advice: “Be sincere, be brief, sit down.”

4 . Colloquialism. The speech should look like a frank conversation with the audience, it should be in the nature of a conversation. D. Carnegie wrote: “A good speech is, first of all, a conversational tone and spontaneity, somewhat accentuated. Speak at a charitable trust meeting as if you were speaking to John Henry Smith. After all, the members of the fund are nothing more than the sum of the John Henry Smiths.” The colloquial nature of an oratorical performance significantly increases confidence in the speaker, and therefore in the content of his speech.

5 . Restrained emotionality. Emotionality is a mandatory requirement for public speaking, an absolutely necessary element of it. However, emotionality should be restrained, should not go beyond the limits, but within which it remains pleasant for listeners and has a positive impact on the perception of information. One cannot but agree with P. Soper, who wrote that the listener experiences a feeling of awkwardness at the sight of the emotional revelry of the speaker. Let us remember the famous: “Alexander the Great, of course, is a great man, but why break chairs?” In this regard, it is preferable to turn to facts that cause emotions rather than to the emotions themselves.

6 . Expressed need to convey ideas to people. You not only need to have, What say, but also have a need for it express and communicate about this to others. Listeners should see that all this is being said specifically for them, that they are the ones who are important to the speaker, and the speaker wants them to know what he is telling them. This quality of public speaking can be called “the speaker’s address to the audience” - without such address, the speech is perceived and assimilated immeasurably worse. Sincerity, the need to speak to a given audience should be visible and felt throughout the entire speech.

7 . Establishing contact with the audience. E. A. Yunina, G. M. Sagach believe that the speaker’s contact with the audience involves: 1) adjusting the speech as it progresses, 2) managing the audience’s behavior, 3) managing one’s own behavior. Contact with the audience can be established immediately, but its establishment may require some time and special efforts and techniques. Let us only note that if the speaker complies with the previous six requirements for public speaking, then contact with the audience is usually established.

During the speech, each speaker takes a certain communicative position, acts in a certain role, which he takes on himself. There are quite a few such communicative positions; we will name only the most typical and frequently used ones.

1. Informant position. This position presupposes a pure presentation of some material, accompanied by a warning about possible errors in understanding. Instructional or directive information is usually presented from this position.

2. Commentator's position. This position is usually taken if the audience knows the basics and is waiting for additional information and personal assessments.

3. Interlocutor's position. This position assumes that the speaker shares the interests and concerns of the audience and speaks “on an equal footing.” This position assumes that the speaker addresses the audience with a request to express their opinion and makes extensive use of questions.

4. Advisor position. The position of advisor is usually taken if the students are well prepared in the basic area. In this case, the speaker only seems to “place accents.”

5. The position of an emotional leader. This position is taken if the mood in the audience is high, if the speaker himself is well known and is expected with interest and impatience. In the position of an emotional leader, the speaker feels quite free; impromptu deviations from the topic are acceptable.

There are also positions that are recommended to be avoided. TO This, first of all, includes the position of a mentor (the speaker is moralizing, categorical); the position of a tribune (exaggerated pathos), the position of a petitioner (“be patient, I’ll finish soon”).

It must be borne in mind that only speeches lasting no more than one minute can be given with one position; The vast majority of speeches should be done by alternately taking different positions throughout the speech. It is important to think before the speech what positions you will take when presenting the material.

Any speaker knows that the attention and trust of the audience must be won. Why doesn't the audience welcome any speaker with open arms? Why does the audience, as a rule, need to be “stirred up” and reached out to it? There are a number of reasons for this, the main ones being the following.

Firstly, the audience is inert. Being gathered together, the audience already has, as a rule, a definite opinion, which often determines some of its initial skepticism towards the speaker - “well, what can he tell us?” Of course, part of the audience may be actively interested in receiving information, but research shows that such people in the average audience are usually about 30%; approximately 60% have no motivation and need to be interested, and 10% usually fail to “break through” at all; this is a negative audience for whom nothing will be interesting or useful from what they hear (for various reasons). Thus, the bulk of the audience is inert, which creates the effect of passive resistance of the audience to the speaker.

Secondly, the audience tends to resist the influence that the speaker is trying to have on it, due to the desire of each individual to resist suggestion. The tendency towards such a confrontation was revealed by B.F. Porshnev in his book “Social Psychology and History” (M., 1979).

“Every speaker inspires,” wrote B.F. Porshnev (p. 155), but the listener as an individual fights against suggestion, because he does not want to submit to other people’s influence, does not want to “fall under the charm” of the speaker, wants to maintain his independence in judgment, opinions, emotional sphere. Suggestion, as we have already written, psychologists call suggestion; the struggle against the speaker’s suggestion on the part of his listeners, according to B.F. Porshnev, is “counter-suggestion.”

B. F. Porshnev writes: “If there is complete and unconditional trust... then human words in the listener necessarily evoke the very ideas, images and sensations that the speaker has in mind, and the complete clarity and unconditionality of these evoked ideas with that but necessity requires actions as if these ideas were obtained by direct observation or knowledge, and not through another person.

Direct suggestion is dangerous - it can lead a person to thoughts and actions that are unusual, alien to him, and turn a person who wields this weapon into a tool. While defending himself, a person “releases” trust to others very carefully. Therefore, although every speaker suggests, not every verbal suggestion is accepted as such, because in the overwhelming majority of cases there is also counter psychological activity - counter-suggestion.

Counter-suggestion, therefore, is a kind of manifestation of the instinct of self-preservation, a manifestation of self-defense, the desire to maintain the status quo of the individual, to prevent someone else’s influence on one’s opinion.

There are three most common ways in which listeners struggle with the speech influence of the speaker: avoidance, undermining authority, and misunderstanding.

The avoidance strategy is manifested in the following: the audience shows inattention, “passes over” important information, looks for and finds a reason to be distracted from the perception of the speaker’s speech, does not look at the speaker, does not attend his speech, and tries to sit away from the speaker. Avoidance is also a “childish” technique such as closing the eyes.

Avoidance also manifests itself in avoiding the perception of certain information. For example, articles or lectures on the dangers of smoking are read and listened to by 60% of non-smokers and only 30% of smokers; the remaining 70% of smokers simply avoid them. The strategy of “undermining authority” is based on the fact that the source of information is qualified as non-authoritative, a non-expert in this field, and therefore everything that he says can not be taken seriously. A reason for “undermining the authority” of a speaker can always be found: either he is young (eggs don’t teach a chicken), or an ordinary person (she is not a psychologist, but a simple mother, what useful advice can she give), or is dressed too fashionably (he only thinks about his appearance), or is dressed and looks old-fashioned (he has long been behind the times), he is not an expert in this matter (he is a therapist, not a phthisiatrician, how can he judge the dangers of smoking), etc.

Too much authority of another person can undermine the authority of the speaker among the listeners. The very high authority of one person can lead to the denial of authority to everyone else except him (God, monarch, Stalin, Gamsakhurdia, teacher, coach, etc.). “When some elder of a clan, leader of a tribe, head of state, leader of a church received such authority, people could thus refuse unlimited trust to many others,” points out B.F. Porshnev.

And finally, the strategy of misunderstanding. This strategy consists in the fact that the audience, listening, for example, to a speaker whose idea it simply does not like, interprets such an idea or his arguments as incomprehensible, and on this basis rejects the idea itself. In this case, the audience says: “We didn’t understand him, we didn’t understand what he wanted to prove to us.” The misunderstanding here is fictitious; there is simply a refusal to perceive an idea or arguments on the basis of their qualification as incomprehensible. “Oddness” is a reason to ignore something. Wed: if your favorite speaker is speaking and suddenly says something with which you fundamentally disagree, you most often will not attach importance to this and simply ignore the controversial part in his speech: “He spoke, as always, excellently! True, there he said something about..., but I didn’t understand what he wanted to say; but everything is fine, he said everything correctly!”

The speaker must know and take into account the ways in which the audience “opposes” him.