Healthy lifestyle general concepts about health. Concept of health, general health. As a result of mastering and studying the discipline

05.11.2022

Introduction

In the hustle and bustle of his daily life, a person often forgets about himself and his health. He is immersed in solving pressing problems. Unfortunately, in the modern world, taking care of your health begins only when you feel that this very health is becoming less and less, the disease is knocking you down, or any age-related diseases begin to develop. That’s when we have another pressing problem - our health. Although taking care of him should not be a problem, it should be a way of life - a healthy way of life.

As a result of the gradual accumulation of centuries of experience in the use of certain medicinal products and methods of treatment, very effective means and methods of traditional healing were developed, collectively called traditional medicine. Many of her methods of maintaining and strengthening health have been tested for several hundred, or even thousands of years. But there are almost indisputable truths, reasonable commandments, by adhering to which from a young age you can remain healthy and productive throughout your life.

As you know, a healthy lifestyle presupposes an optimal regime of work and rest, proper nutrition, sufficient physical activity, personal hygiene, hardening, eradication of bad habits, love for loved ones, and a positive perception of life. It allows you to maintain moral, mental and physical health until old age.

The state of health of a particular person is also the result of the interaction of the hereditary characteristics of his body with environmental conditions. It is never constant and changes slowly or sharply for better or worse, depending on the measures that a person takes to maintain it and current external influences.

General concepts about health

Health is the main value of life; it occupies the highest level in the hierarchy of human needs. Health is one of the most important components of human happiness and one of the leading conditions for successful social and economic development. Realization of intellectual, moral, spiritual, physical and reproductive potential is possible only in a healthy society. According to experts from the World Health Organization (WHO), health is a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of illness and physical defects.

According to leading Russian scientists, this definition is vague. For example, A.G. Shchedrina offers the following formulation: “Health is a holistic multidimensional dynamic state (including its positive and negative indicators), which develops in the conditions of a specific social and ecological environment and allows a person to carry out his biological and social functions.”

Analyzing these formulations, it can be noted that the first of them considers health in static terms, as something given, i.e. You either have health or you don’t. The second definition represents health in dynamics, shows that health is formed as the body develops; Moreover, the definition emphasizes that health is genetically programmed. Whether the program is implemented depends on specific biological and social factors (i.e., the surrounding biological environment and upbringing), under the influence of which a person will live and develop. Obviously, here we are talking about the fact that although health has innate prerequisites (positive or negative), it is formed during a long ontogenesis, starting from the moment of fertilization of the egg (conception).

STRUCTURE valeology as a science. VALEOLOGY

. Subject of valeology- individual human health, its mechanisms. Let's analyze this category more specifically

. Health and illness- main categories of scientific knowledge in medicine. Since this is connected with a person living in society, these categories are of a medical and social nature, that is, health and illness are a social definition of a person’s condition. But they have a clear basis, since human nature is biological, but the essence is social (a person cannot develop outside of society). She realizes all her needs through the functions of physiological systems, and everything social is not realized without the biological (for example, thinking is based on the reflex activity of the brain).

Thus, the biological nature of man realizes its social essence

Disease is a pathological process. A sick person loses active independence in realizing his life goals, loses optimal connection with the environment and the society around him. Disease is a priority for medicine, both on the theoretical and practical side. Medicine deals with the sick person, not her health. She heals a person, restoring her health. But, having a specific subject of scientific research (disease), medicine cannot ensure the achievement of high indicators of public health.

It is known that a disease as a category of medicine has a specific, accessible description: name, developmental features, symptoms, diagnosis, prevalence, treatment, prevention, etc. The same cannot be said about my health.

According to. VP. Kulikov, individual health is the absence of illness, health as the norm and health as a successful adaptation

If, during examination of the patient, the doctor does not find signs of illness, then he makes a diagnosis of “healthy.” But such a conclusion is rather dubious. For example, the initial stages of atherosclerosis or malignant neoplasms do not manifest themselves symptomatically, and in fact the person is already unhealthy. Another example, the same person, according to the “norm”, can work as an accountant, teacher, but not as a pilot or diver. The fact is that the “physiological norm” does not yet reflect the state of health. The principle of “norm” cannot be used for the reason that today we can talk about different levels of health in a completely healthy person. So, for example, in a highly qualified athlete after anaerobic physical activity (maximum and submaximal power work), the blood pH reaches 7.0, but this is not an argument to indicate pathology. Therefore, it is legitimate to talk about health as a dynamic state, which allows as many as possible to manifest themselves. Species-specific functions with economical consumption of biological substrate, i.e. with dorov is the ability of an individual to manifest his biological and social functions, to manifest his biological and social functions.

According to. MM. Amosov, who introduced the concept of “quantity of health”, health is the maximum power of organs and systems while maintaining the qualitative physiological limits of their functions

According to opinion. BB. Podvysotsky (one of the founders of pathophysiology) there is no absolute health and absolute pathology, since there are many connections and transitions between them 00. Bogomolets formulated the concept of the unity of norm and pathology. This can be demonstrated by the example of a system of communicating vessels: the more health, the less opportunity for illness and vice versa.

Between the state of health and illness there is a transitional, or “third estate”, which is further divided into pre-Sparrow and non-demonstrative pathological processes

The main sign of pre-illness is the possibility of developing a pathological process due to a decrease in health reserves, when quantitative changes turn into qualitative

There are two approaches to determining individual health - adaptive and creative

Naturopathic doctor. Herbert. Shelton gives the following definition of health: “Health is a state of holistic and harmonious development in the adaptation of each organ to each other. Moreover, each organ works more effectively in the interests of the whole (organism) than in its own favor. Any disease is a violation of the laws vital activity of the organism, the laws of nature and birth."

Other authors, when considering individual health, take into account the definition. World Health Organization! personal and social well-being and the ability to adapt to the conditions of the external and internal environment and the natural aging process, as well as the absence of disease and physical defects. But the definition of health does not completely exclude mental well-being. It should be remembered that modern man is actively creating history, creating new forms of social and economic structure on the planet. Earth. But at the same time, 90% of all modern risk factors for existing diseases of civilization, as well as the threat in general to the ecological well-being of nature, are of anthropogenic origin, that is, they are a consequence of the creative, civilized action of man. All global crises are not derived from human activity.

Famous scientist and medical theorist. AI. Strukov interacted with the concepts of human health and freedom. According to his teaching, illness is a violation of the normal (optimal) way of realizing needs (material, spiritual). Health is a normal psychosomatic state and a person’s ability to optimally satisfy his material and spiritual needs. Health and worldview are interconnected and mutually reinforcing. Strukov believes that only a spiritual worldview is the main basis of a truly healthy self.

According to. VP. Kaznacheev, health should be considered as a valeological process of formation of the body and human characteristics

By. A. Maslow, the basic needs of a person are not only the needs of the body, but also the desire for safety, reliability, protection, to have a family, to belong to society, a clan, friends, to have respect, self-esteem, freedom, which will ensure the full development of one’s talents.

PV. Simonov created a triadic structure of a person’s basic needs in his actual life:

1 living room (biological) needs

2. Social needs

3 ideal needs (knowledge of the world around us and our place in it, the meaning and purpose of our existence on earth

Fundamentally, these needs reflect three levels of organization of human existence - biological (physiological), conscious (beyond life - integration of a person into society), spiritual (super-consciousness) - spiritual cult level.

According to the teaching. Aristotle, plants have a vegetative soul, animals have a vegetative and sensual soul, people have a vegetative, sensual and rational soul. A normal person has a harmonious integrity of all three orders of his existence: physical (biological), mental (social adaptation) and spiritual (personal satisfaction).

IN AND. Vernadsky called the shell of the earth where man lives the noosphere, and not the anthroposphere, precisely because, with the exception of the mind, the rest of man belongs to the biosphere. By. OO. Ukhtomsky, a person could only be on her statistically.

Thus, starting from the level of consciousness, a person exists in two qualitatively different spheres of his existence: adaptive and creative. External environmental factors acquire paramount importance in adaptive existence: physical, social, environmental. In this case, a person adapts to the action of the real environment. Methodologically, the adaptation processes are fully reflected in the works. IP. Pavlova about conditioned reflexes, in behaviorism. J. Watson and his 7 * - scheme. K, where each stimulus or situation (2) corresponds to a specific behavior (or reaction -. K) -. TO),

The creative existence of a person, in contrast to the adaptive one, is aimed at understanding the highest values that are absent in the changing reality and their practical achievement. Swiss psychologist. J. Piaget believes that in the process of socialization a person constantly comprehends new values for himself and strives for the practical achievement of new goals for himself. This social movement forward is the creative activity of man.

Thus, human activity as a product of biological and social evolution is aimed, on the one hand, at adapting to the conditions of existence (physical and social), and on the other, at creative comprehension of life and constant movement forward. This activity is due to physical, mental and spiritual health.

By. BN. Chumakov, human health is, first of all, a process of preservation and development. ITS mental and functional qualities, optimal working capacity and social activity with maximum life expectancy.

Factors affecting human health:

1) biological capabilities;

According to the academician. YUP. Lisitsin, the factors that determine health are:

Healthy lifestyle - 50-55%;

Environmental factors - 15-20%;

Heredity - 15-20%;

Medicine - 10-15%

Economic (standard of living);

Social (quality of life);

Social-psychological (lifestyle);

Socio-economic (lifestyle)

Health is one of the most important components of human happiness and one of the leading conditions for successful social and economic development. Realization of intellectual, moral, spiritual, physical and reproductive potential is possible only in a healthy society.

The concept itself "health" in English it sounds like Health from Whole(Anglo-Saxon) - whole, complete, which already implies the complexity, integrity and multidimensionality of this state.

Galen in the 11th century BC. defined health as a state “in which we do not experience pain and which does not interfere with the functions of our daily life: participating in leadership, washing, drinking, eating and doing everything else we want.”

Back in the early 40s of the 20th century, the concept of “health” was given the following definition: “A person who is distinguished by harmonious development and is well adapted to the physical and social environment around him can be considered healthy. Health does not simply mean the absence of disease: it is something positive, it is a cheerful and willing fulfillment of the responsibilities that life imposes on a person” (G. Sigerist, edited by: E.A. Ovcharov, 2002).

The founder of valeology I.I. Brechman (1966) considered human health “as the ability to maintain age-appropriate stability in the face of sudden changes in the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the triune flow of sensory, verbal and structural information.”

In 1985, the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted the concept of “Health for all by the year 2000,” which determined the strategy and tactics of all developed countries to create conditions for ensuring and developing public health.

According to experts from the World Health Organization (WHO), health is a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease and physical defects.

According to leading Russian scientists, this definition is vague. For example, A. G. Shchedrina offers the following formulation: “Health is a holistic multidimensional dynamic state (including its positive and negative indicators), which develops... in the conditions of a specific social and environmental environment and allows a person... to carry out its biological and social functions."

S.Ya. Chikin (1976) sees health as the harmonious interaction and functioning of all organs and systems of a person with his physical perfection and normal psyche, allowing him to actively participate in socially useful work.

One of the founders of space biology and medicine P.M. Baevsky (1979) considered the determining factor of health to be the adaptability of the organism: “The ability of the human body to adapt to changes in the environment, freely interacting with it, based on the biological, psychological and social essence of man.”

N.D. Graevskaya (1979) in the concept of “health” includes an assessment of the level of functional capabilities of the organism, the range of its compensatory-adaptive reactions in extreme conditions, i.e. the ability to adapt to increased environmental demands without pathological manifestations.

Thus, taking into account the biosocial essence of man, Yu.P. Lisitsyn (1986) considers human health as a harmonious unity of biological and social qualities determined by congenital and acquired mechanisms.

V.P. Kaznacheev (1980) defines human health as the process of maintaining and developing his biological, physiological and psychological capabilities, optimal social activity with maximum life expectancy. At the same time, attention is drawn to the need to create such conditions and such hygienic systems that would ensure not only the preservation of human health, but also its development.

ON THE. Agadzhanyan (1979, 2006), studying human biological rhythms, concludes that health is an optimal ratio of interconnected endogenous rhythms of physiological processes and their compliance with external cyclical changes.

Famous cardiac surgeon N.M. Amosov (1987) considered health as “the level of functional capabilities of the organism, the range of its compensatory and adaptive reactions in extreme conditions, i.e. level of reserve capabilities of the body."

At present, there is no experimental justification given by E.N. Weiner’s definition of health: “Health is a state of the body that gives a person the opportunity to realize his genetic program to the maximum extent in the conditions of the sociocultural existence of a given person” (E.N. Weiner, 1998). However, not only the degree of implementation of the human genetic program, but also the functional purpose of genes has not yet been studied.

The physiological (medico-biological) approach, based on the basic principles of the body’s vital activity, was the basis for determining the health of R.I. Aizman (1997): “Health is the body’s ability to maintain its psychophysiological stability (homeostasis) in conditions of adaptation to various environmental factors and stress.”

Modern definition of health

The modern concept of health allows us to identify its main components - physical, psychological and behavioral.

Physical the component includes the level of growth and development of organs and systems of the body, as well as the current state of their functioning. The basis of this process are morphological and functional transformations and reserves that ensure physical performance and adequate adaptation of a person to external conditions.

Psychological component is a state of the mental sphere, which is determined by motivational-emotional, mental and moral-spiritual components. Its basis is a state of emotional and cognitive comfort, which ensures mental performance and adequate human behavior. This state is determined by both biological and social needs, as well as the possibilities of satisfying these needs.

Behavioral component is the external manifestation of a person’s condition. It is expressed in the degree of adequacy of behavior and the ability to communicate. It is based on a life position (active, passive, aggressive) and interpersonal relationships, which determine the adequacy of interaction with the external environment (biological and social) and the ability to work effectively.

Modern living conditions place increased demands on the health of young people. Therefore, the main thing for young people is to be healthy.

Concepts of health and illness

The most important task of the state and society as a whole is to take care of the health of the population. When asked what health is, the answer most often follows is that it is the absence of disease, good health, i.e. health is usually defined by the absence of disease. Therefore, the concept of disease must first be defined. Understanding the concepts of “health” and “illness” is not easy. Most often, a disease means a change, damage, defect, etc., i.e., everything that leads to disruption of life.

There are many definitions of the concept of disease: disruption of normal life activity, adaptation to the environment (disadaptation), functions of the body or its parts, connections of the body with the external environment, homeostasis (constancy of the internal environment of the body), inability to fully perform human functions, etc. There are many theories the occurrence of diseases: social (disease is the result of social maladjustment), energetic (disease occurs due to an imbalance of energy in the human body), biological (the basis of the disease is a violation of the correspondence of the biological rhythms of the body with natural rhythms), etc.

According to the classification of the World Health Organization disease - This is a life disrupted in its course by damage to the structure and function of the body under the influence of external and internal factors during the mobilization of its compensatory and adaptive mechanisms. The disease is characterized by a general or partial decrease in adaptability to the environment and restrictions on the patient’s freedom of life.

Before talking about health, we should understand the dual essence of man: on the one hand, man is an integral part of the biological world (man is Homo sapiens, a subtype of vertebrates, a group of primates, a class of mammals - the highest level of development of organisms on Earth), on the other hand, man is a social being (social), capable of producing and using tools and changing the world around him. This creature has consciousness as a function of a highly organized brain and articulate speech.

Philosophers and doctors of the Ancient world considered man to be a similarity to nature, the world, and the cosmos. - this is a microcosm in the macrocosm, it consists of the same elements: water, air, fire, etc. Consequently, health is the balance of these elements, and disease is a violation of this balance. Some ancient thinkers, as a result of observing the lives of people, their way and living conditions, formed beliefs about the role of social factors in human life. As medicine, history and other sciences developed, more and more observations and evidence of the importance of social factors in human life accumulated. This especially developed during the Renaissance, when activity, the spiritual world, communication between people, i.e., social principles, were reflected in philosophical and scientific works.

These views received their greatest development during the Enlightenment. Thus, Helvetius wrote that man is an animal with a special external organization that allows him to use weapons and tools. But scientists of that time interpreted the social principle in man incompletely, only as an external manifestation of a person’s bodily connection with the environment.

Supporters of opposing views on the essence of man, in fact, shared the views of K. Marx: “The essence of man is the totality of social relations.” F. Engels described man more fully and objectively: “The essence of man manifests itself in two ways: as a natural (i.e. biological) and as a social relationship (i.e. social).” The inseparability of the biological and the social in man is reflected in Marx’s Capital: “By influencing external nature and changing it, he (man) at the same time changes his own nature.”

Ancient doctors saw the origins of health and the causes of diseases not only in the mixing of elements of the body, but also in the behavior of people, their habits, traditions, i.e. conditions and lifestyle. Even attempts were made to establish a correspondence between the specifics of the disease and the nature of work (Galen and Celje distinguished between the diseases of masters and slaves).

Utopian socialists saw the guarantee of good health for the people of their fictional cities in ideally organized living conditions and social order.

French Encyclopedist philosophers of the Enlightenment more than once pointed out the dependence of people's health on social conditions.

English doctors and sanitary inspectors of the 19th century. in their reports they repeatedly cited examples of the harmful effects of harsh working conditions on the health of workers.

Progressive domestic figures of medicine of the second half of the 19th century. presented thousands of evidence of the adverse effects of working and living conditions on workers' health. The primary importance of social conditions in shaping the health of the population has become the subject of study of social hygiene since the beginning of the 20th century.

Determining the relationship between social and biological principles in a person makes it possible to identify their influence on human health. Just as in the essence of man himself it is impossible to separate the biological from the social, so it is impossible to separate the biological and social components of health. The health and illness of an individual are fundamentally biological. But general biological qualities are not fundamental; they are mediated by the social conditions of his life, which are decisive. Not only the works of individual researchers, but also the documents of international medical organizations speak about the social conditioning of health, that is, the primary impact on health of social conditions and factors.

Social conditions are a form of manifestation of production relations, a method of social production, a socio-economic system and the political structure of society.

Social factors - this is a manifestation of social conditions for a particular person: working conditions, leisure, housing, food, education, upbringing, etc.

The WHO Constitution defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease.” But it should be said that there is no single definition now. We can offer the following options for defining health, proposed by Yu.P. Lisitsyn: health is the harmonious unity of biological and social qualities caused by congenital and acquired biological and social influences (illness is a violation of this unity); a state that allows you to lead an unconstrained life, fully perform human functions (primarily labor), lead a healthy lifestyle, that is, experience mental, physical and social well-being.

Individual health - individual health. It is assessed by personal well-being, the presence or absence of diseases, physical condition, etc.

Group Health - health of individual communities of people: age, professional, etc.

Population health - health of people living in a certain territory.

The most difficult thing to define is public health. Public health reflects the health of the individuals who make up society, but is not the sum of the health of individuals. Even the WHO has not yet proposed a concise and succinct definition of public health. “Public health is a state of society that provides conditions for an active productive lifestyle, not constrained by physical and mental illness, i.e., it is something without which society cannot create material and spiritual values, this is the wealth of society” (Yu P. Lisitsyn).

Public health potential - a measure of the quantity and quality of human health and its reserves accumulated by society.

Public Health Index - the ratio of healthy and unhealthy lifestyles of the population.

WHO experts consider the percentage of gross national product (GNP) spent on health care as public health criteria; accessibility to primary health care; infant mortality rate; average life expectancy, etc.

Methods for studying population health include: statistical, sociological (questionnaires, interviews, family-based comprehensive survey), expert method, etc.

Knowledge of the essence of the disease and the conditions for its occurrence is an important condition for the prevention of diseases when engaging in physical exercises and sports. But in order to correctly understand the essence of disease, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the essence of health.

There is no generally accepted formulation of the concept of “health”. The most common definition is the following: health is a state of the body in which the functions of all organs and systems are balanced with the external environment and there are no painful manifestations.

As is clear from this definition, the main sign of health is the body’s high adaptability to the influence of environmental factors. A healthy body is able to endure enormous mental and physical stress, adapt to significant changes in environmental factors, without going beyond physiological fluctuations. This suggests that health is a dynamic state; for each person there are many options, because with changes in environmental conditions, the ratio of physiological functions on which the state of health depends becomes different.

The high adaptability of a healthy organism to changes in environmental factors is due to the fact that a living organism is a complex self-governing system. The body's self-regulation capabilities, even at the cellular level, are extremely high. Thus, the cell is able to automatically adjust to the most advantageous mode of operation in continuously changing environmental conditions. For example, in situations in which a modern electronic computer requires 30 hours to calculate the required regime of metabolic processes in a cell (with 1000 operations per second), the cell reacts almost instantly. This allows us to talk about the cybernetics of the living.

It should be taken into account that the concept of “health”, like the concept of “norm”, is conditional. This is explained by the fact that the concept of a physiological norm for many functions is very broad and is largely determined by the individual characteristics of people: constitution, age, gender, physical fitness, etc.
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Therefore, certain changes may be pathological for some individuals, while for others they correspond to the physiological norm. For example, blood pressure is below 100 mmHg. Art. in some cases - a symptom of a disease (hypotension) associated with a violation of the neuroendocrine regulation of the function of the cardiovascular system, in others (in particular, among athletes) - a manifestation of a high level of fitness.

The qualitative uniqueness of the disease is determined to a large extent by the localization of the pathological process. Thus, with the same causes of atherosclerotic changes in the walls of arterial vessels, different diseases can develop based on the location of these vessels (for example, with changes in the vessels of the heart - angina pectoris or myocardial infarction, in the vessels of the brain - stroke).

The transition from health to illness can occur unnoticed by others and the sick person himself. This is often observed in athletes. Due to the fact that the athlete’s body’s compensatory capabilities are very large, he can sometimes, while sick, not only feel good, but also show high athletic results for some time.

There are many definitions of the concept of disease: disruption of normal functioning, adaptation to the environment (disadaptation), functions of the body or its parts, connections of the body with the external environment, homeostasis (constancy of the internal environment of the body), inability to fully perform human functions.

According to the classification of the World Health Organization, a disease is a life disrupted in its course by damage to the structure and function of the body under the influence of external and internal factors during the mobilization of its compensatory and adaptive mechanisms. The disease is characterized by a general or partial decrease in adaptability to the environment and restrictions on the patient’s freedom of life.

Before talking about health, we should understand the dual essence of man: on the one hand, man is an integral part of the biological world (man is homo sapiens, a subtype of vertebrates, a class of primates, a class of mammals - the highest level of development of organisms on Earth), on the other hand , man is a social being (social), capable of producing and using tools and changing the world around him. This creature has consciousness as a function of a highly organized brain and articulate speech.

Philosophers and doctors of the Ancient world considered man to be a similarity to nature, the world, and the cosmos. Man is a microcosm in the macrocosm, he consists of the same elements: water, air, fire, etc. Consequently, health is the balance of these elements, and disease is a violation of this balance. Some ancient thinkers, as a result of observing the lives of people, their way and living conditions, formed beliefs about the role of social factors in human life. As medicine, history and other sciences developed, more and more observations and evidence of the importance of social factors in human life accumulated. This especially developed during the Renaissance, when activity, the spiritual world, communication between people, i.e., social principles, were reflected in philosophical and scientific works.

Supporters of opposing views on the essence of man essentially shared the views of K. Marx: “The essence of man is the totality of social relations.” F. Engels described man more fully and objectively: “The essence of man manifests itself in two ways: as a natural (i.e. biological) and as a social relationship (i.e. social).” The inseparability of the biological and social in man is reflected in “Capital” by K. Marx: “By influencing external nature and changing it, he (man) at the same time changes his own nature.”

The relationship between the social and the biological in a person is the main thing in understanding the nature of health and illness.

Ancient doctors saw the origins of health and the causes of diseases not only in the mixing of elements of the body, but also in the behavior of people, their habits, conditions and lifestyle. Even attempts were made to establish a correspondence between the specifics of the disease and the nature of work.

Utopian socialists saw the guarantee of good health for people in their fictional cities and excellent living conditions. French Encyclopedist philosophers of the Enlightenment more than once pointed out the dependence of people's health on social conditions. English doctors and sanitary inspectors of the 19th century. in their reports they repeatedly cited examples of the harmful effects of harsh working conditions on the health of workers. Progressive domestic figures of medicine of the second half of the 19th century. presented thousands of evidence of the adverse effects of working and living conditions on workers' health. The primary importance of social conditions in shaping the health of the population has become the subject of study of social hygiene since the beginning of the 20th century.

Determining the relationship between social and biological principles in a person makes it possible to identify their influence on human health. Just as in the essence of man himself it is impossible to separate the biological from the social, so it is impossible to separate the biological and social components of health. The health and illness of an individual are fundamentally biological. But general biological qualities are not fundamental; they are mediated by the social conditions of his life. Not only in the works of individual researchers, but also in documents of international medical organizations, they talk about the social conditioning of health, that is, the primary impact on health of social conditions and factors.

Social conditions are the form of manifestation of production relations, the method of social production, the socio-economic system and the political structure of society. Social factors are a manifestation of social conditions for a particular person: working conditions, rest, housing, food, education, upbringing, etc.

The WHO Constitution defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease.” But it should be said that there is no single definition now. We can offer the following options for defining health, proposed by Yu.P. Lisitsyn: harmonious unity of biological and social qualities caused by congenital and acquired biological and social influences (illness is a violation of this unity); a state that allows you to lead an unconstrained life, fully perform human functions (primarily labor), lead a healthy lifestyle, that is, experience mental, physical and social well-being.

Individual health is the health of an individual. It is assessed by personal well-being, the presence or absence of diseases, physical condition, etc. Group health - the health of individual communities of people: age, professional, etc. Population health is the health of people living in a certain territory.

Public health potential is a measure of the quantity and quality of people’s health and its reserves accumulated by society. Public health index - the ratio of healthy and unhealthy lifestyles of the population.

WHO experts consider public health criteria to be: the percentage of gross national product (GNP) spent on healthcare; accessibility to primary health care; infant mortality rate; average life expectancy, etc.

Methods for studying population health include: medical-statistical, sociological (questioning, interviewing, family-based comprehensive survey), expert, organized experiment.

Medical psychology. Full course Polin A.V.

Concept of health and illness

Scientists and physicians have been trying to define the concept of illness and health for a long time. Since the time of Hippocrates, there have been many points of view on this issue. Illness and health have always been perceived as two mutually exclusive states, therefore, poor health and good health are logically considered as two poles that fit either of these states. The concept of bad and good health is purely subjective. Even with a serious illness, a person can consider himself healthy because he feels well. A typical example is cancer, which is prognostically a very serious problem for the whole organism, but does not bring any unpleasant subjective symptoms in the initial stage. On the contrary, poor health can be due to various reasons, in addition to somatic pathology. In addition to somatic ones, the main causes of poor health can be considered social. These include family problems, any communication disorders, and interactions of the individual with representatives of the social environment in which he lives.

The concept of health must be considered as a state towards which successful therapeutic interventions should strive, as well as as a goal of constantly undertaken and promoted preventive measures. The concept of mental health includes three main aspects: well-being, both physical and mental; self-actualization, i.e. the ability for self-development, the presence of self-sufficiency; respect for oneself and others, or self-esteem. All these qualities can be considered as characterological characteristics of a person with a low risk of developing a mental disorder. The probability is determined not only by premorbid personality characteristics, but also by environmental, economic and social living conditions. “All life is a theater, and we are all actors in it.” The relevance of this quote is explained by the fact that in addition to the objective concepts of health and illness, there is an equally relevant concept of the role of the healthy and the role of the sick. A role implies certain expectations of society from the behavior of a given individual. The role of a healthy person implies that a person is able to fulfill all the social functions assigned to him by the surrounding society and, in the future, take on additional ones. The role of a healthy person is characterized by normal performance, endurance, and readiness to perform assigned functions. The role of the patient implies the exact opposite situation. In a state of illness, a person claims increased attention and care from others. The role of the patient implies that the social functions previously assigned to him must be transferred to another person or their implementation must be suspended, since the role of the patient includes the impossibility of performing previous actions in full.

Any disease is diagnosed based on an analysis of clinical signs (symptoms) and the results of examinations. Among the variety of symptoms, there are signs of somatic ill-being, as well as an altered mental reaction as a result of the disease. In a number of diseases, such as neuroinfections, various intoxications, mental illnesses, cerebrovascular diseases, mental changes are caused by a direct effect on the brain. In other diseases, changes in the psyche and behavior will not be caused by damage to the brain, but by changed sensations from other organs and systems. The general mechanism of such changes is fundamentally the same. Disruption of the usual activity of organs and systems as a result of the occurrence and development of a somatic disease leads to a change in the nerve impulses coming from the affected organ to the brain. As a result, a change in the physiological parameters of higher nervous activity occurs, which leads to a change in the patient’s mental activity. Such changes cannot be one-sided; they are always accompanied by a cerebro-visceral connection. Interaction based on the principle of direct and feedback ultimately creates a holistic picture of the disease. It is feedback that makes changes in a person’s mental activity. Different individuals will respond differently to the same illness or injury. It is determined by differences in awareness of illness or injury, previous life experiences, level of intelligence and knowledge in a particular area, and many other circumstances. In practice, a doctor often has to deal with a discrepancy between the abundance of complaints presented and the paucity of objective data. All psychological features of a patient’s awareness of his illness can be divided into types of experiences and reactions to the disease. These include the patient’s judgments about the initial manifestations of the disease, features of changes in well-being due to the worsening of painful disorders, in the future, on the path to recovery and restoration of health - ideas about the likely consequences of the disease process for oneself and others, the possibility of continuing the usual professional activities, and much more. other. It should be noted that at the center of the patient’s experiences are his subjective sensations; they occupy the maximum of his attention and interests. They have several varieties:

1) sensitive, implying sensations of somatic discomfort in the form of general weakness, pain and other manifestations;

2) emotional, expressed in hopes for recovery, fears for an unfavorable outcome of the disease, possible complications;

3) strong-willed, characterized by a clear understanding of the need to take measures to overcome the disease as a result of examination and active treatment;

4) rational and informative, expressed in the need to know the characteristics of one’s disease, the possible duration of the course, probable complications, possible outcome options: complete recovery, temporary disability (short or long), disability, death.

The listed subjective experiences correspond to different types of reactions to the emerging disease. They are divided into normal and abnormal.

Normal reactions:

Type 1 – a tendency to overestimate the significance of individual symptoms and the disease as a whole;

Type 2 – a realistic assessment of one’s condition and future prospects, coinciding with the opinion of the attending physician;

Type 3 – the tendency to underestimate the severity and seriousness of one’s condition in the current period of time and the possibility of consequences and complications;

Type 4 – complete denial of the disease in general and any individual pathological symptoms in particular as a result of a lack of criticism of one’s condition or dissimulation;

Type 5 – repression of obvious threatening signs of the disease from one’s consciousness due to fear of its unknown consequences.

Abnormal reactions:

1) the asthenic type is characterized by increased fatigue and exhaustion, despite the favorable outcome of the disease; the patient is tormented by doubts, he is afraid of a recurrence of the disease or its transition to a chronic form;

2) the depressive type is characterized by a predominance of feelings of anxiety, melancholy, confusion, and lack of hope for recovery, and therefore the motivation to fight the disease is lost;

3) the hypochondriacal type is characterized by “sinking into illness,” which fills his entire life, determines his interests and thoughts, and all his desires and aspirations are connected with it;

4) the hysterical type is characterized by a tendency to fantasize, skillfully demonstrate imaginary painful symptoms, accompanied by rich facial expressions, theatrical gestures, groans, and screams. At the same time, patients willingly share their experiences, talk colorfully and in detail about individual symptoms, they show pickiness towards medical personnel, who are accused of insufficient attention, indifference and callousness towards them, the unfortunate sufferers;

5) the mosaic type is a combination of individual features inherent in other types. At different periods of the disease, one of the types of abnormal reactions described above predominates.

One of the characteristic features of abnormal reactions is their tendency to develop quickly and disappear quickly. With psychopathological reactions, patients have no criticism of their condition or are present, but to an insufficient extent.

The combination of normal and abnormal types of response in the refraction of emotional characteristics and social needs allows us to identify three main, most common options for relating to one’s illness.

The first option is regarded as a normal reaction to the disease. The patient adequately assesses his condition and future prospects, and therefore strives to carry out the prescribed treatment and examination, and is interested in the results obtained. The actions of such a patient are marked by purposefulness, perseverance, self-control, and the desire to take control of the situation.

The second option is a depressive type of abnormal reaction to illness. Patients in this group are confused, fussy, pessimistic, and unbalanced in behavior. Goals and tasks that were previously significant for these patients fade into the background; they sometimes manage to solve their unmet needs by demonstrating their helplessness. Patients have little initiative, their interest in the results of their examination and treatment is insufficient, they do not use their own reserve capabilities.

The third option is a hysterical type of abnormal reaction to illness: patients are passive, ignore existing difficulties, their mood is unstable, and their behavior is uneven. Contact with others is difficult due to frequent unpredictable mood swings. Patients talk at length and flowerily about their painful experiences, often demonstrating them.

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According to experts from the World Health Organization (WHO), health is a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease and physical defects.

According to leading Russian scientists, this definition is vague. For example, A. G. Shchedrina offers the following formulation: “Health is a holistic multidimensional dynamic state (including its positive and negative indicators), which develops... in the conditions of a specific social and environmental environment and allows a person... to carry out its biological and social functions."

Modern definition of health

The modern concept of health allows us to identify its main components - physical, psychological and behavioral.

Modern living conditions place increased demands on the health of young people. Therefore, the main thing for young people is to be healthy.

Concepts of health and illness

Before talking about health, we should understand the dual essence of man: on the one hand, man is an integral part of the biological world (man is Homo sapiens, a subtype of vertebrates, a class of primates, a class of mammals - the highest level of development of organisms on Earth), on the other hand, man is a social being (social), capable of producing and using tools and changing the world around him. This creature has consciousness as a function of a highly organized brain and articulate speech.

The relationship between the social and the biological in a person is the main thing in understanding the nature of health and illness.

Utopian socialists saw the guarantee of good health for the people of their fictional cities in ideally organized living conditions and social order.

French Encyclopedist philosophers of the Enlightenment more than once pointed out the dependence of people's health on social conditions.

English doctors and sanitary inspectors of the 19th century. in their reports they repeatedly cited examples of the harmful effects of harsh working conditions on the health of workers.

Social conditions are a form of manifestation of production relations, a method of social production, the socio-economic system and political structure of society.

Social factors - this is a manifestation of social conditions for a particular person: working conditions, leisure, housing, food, education, upbringing, etc.

The WHO Constitution defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease.” But it should be said that there is no single definition now. We can offer the following options for defining health, proposed by Yu.P. Lisitsyn: health is a harmonious unity of biological and social qualities caused by congenital and acquired biological and social influences (disease is a violation of this unity); a state that allows you to lead an unconstrained life, fully perform human functions (primarily labor), lead a healthy lifestyle, that is, experience mental, physical and social well-being.

Individual health - individual health. It is assessed by personal well-being, the presence or absence of diseases, physical condition, etc.

Group Health - health of individual communities of people: age, professional, etc.

Population health - health of people living in a certain territory.

Public health potential - a measure of the quantity and quality of human health and its reserves accumulated by society.

Public Health Index - the ratio of healthy and unhealthy lifestyles of the population.

Methods for studying population health include: statistical, sociological (questionnaires, interviews, family-based comprehensive survey), expert method, etc.

LESSON PLAN No. 2

Subject: General concept of health.

Goals: A) educational: Learn new concepts.

b) educational, developmental: Develop imagination, intelligence, cognitive interest. To develop logical thinking, attention, verbal and logical memory.

Lesson type: Lesson on communicating new knowledge.

Lesson equipment: Interactive whiteboard, laptop computer, drawing supplies, notes, books.

DURING THE CLASSES

1) Organizational point: Greeting the group, checking the duty, the state of the office, the presence of students, readiness for classes.

2) Reporting the topic of the lesson, setting goals and objectives: Actualization and motivation of students' cognitive activity.

3) Presentation of new material. Methodology:

Health is the main value of life; it occupies the highest level in the hierarchy . Health is one of the most important components of human happiness and one of the leading conditions for successful social and economic development. Realization of intellectual, moral, spiritual, physical and reproductive potential is possible only in a healthy society.

The concept itself"health" in English it sounds likeHealth fromWhole (Anglo-Saxon) -whole, complete, which already implies the complexity, integrity and multidimensionality of this state.

According to experts from the World Health Organization (WHO),health is a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease and physical defects.

According to leading Russian scientists, this definition is vague. For example, A. G. Shchedrina offers the following formulation: “Health is a holistic multidimensional dynamic state (including its positive and negative indicators), which develops... in the conditions of a specific social and environmental environment and allows a person... to carry out its biological and social functions."

Modern definition of health

The modern concept of health allows us to identify its main components - physical, psychological and behavioral.

Modern living conditions place increased demands on the health of young people. Therefore, the main thing for young people is to be healthy.

4) Consolidation of the studied material. Methodology:

Modern definitions of health

5) Summing up the lesson: Conclusion about achieving the goal of the lesson.

6) Assignment for independent work of students during extracurricular hours:

L4, Chapter 1, §1-4.

Introduction

According to the World Health Organization, health- is “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Health as a part of culture has always been part of the pragmatic concerns of society. The culture of health in any society is part of the society's vision of itself and its members.

Approximately 2,500 years ago, Hippocrates taught that health is proof that a person has achieved a state of harmony both within himself and with his environment, and whatever affects the brain also affects the body. In the 5th century BC. Pericles said that “health is a state of moral, mental and physical well-being, which gives a person the opportunity to endure any hardships of life steadfastly and without losing self-control.”

In modern society, the problem of maintaining and strengthening health is more relevant than ever before. This is explained by the fact that very high demands are placed on them, which only healthy people can meet.

It is now recognized that health is the absence of disease in the physical body and consciousness of a person. At the same time, all physiological systems of the body work normally and efficiently. There is no oppression or irritation in the human mind, there are no negative emotions and negative thought processes. The general mood of consciousness is cheerful, confident and stable.

According to most scientists, a person’s physical health depends 50% on lifestyle, 20% on environmental factors, another 20% on genetic characteristics and 8-10% on the development of medicine.

Consequently, our health is a healthy lifestyle, a favorable living environment, rational nutrition, ensuring the safety of food and water.

Family relationships are of great importance for people's health. A favorable moral and psychological climate of the family has a positive effect on the health of its members. Statistics show that in such families people get sick less and live longer. According to some sources, members of such families have several times lower incidence of tuberculosis, liver cirrhosis and diabetes than in dysfunctional families and among single people.

Family means a union of persons based on marriage or kinship, characterized by commonality of life, interests, mutual care, assistance and moral responsibility.

In modern conditions, issues of family changes, contradictions caused by their nature and negative orientation, are becoming particularly relevant, increasingly becoming one of the most pressing social problems, having a global scale due to the consequences of depopulation and the decline of the family institution, putting forward complex tasks for both social practice, so before theory.

“When there is no health, wisdom is silent, art cannot flourish, strength does not play, wealth is useless and reason is powerless.”

HEALTHY LIFESTYLE AND ITS COMPONENTS

General concept of health

I must say that 9/10 of our happiness is based on health. With it, everything becomes a source of pleasure, while without it, absolutely no external goods can give pleasure, even subjective goods: the qualities of the mind, soul, and temperament weaken and freeze in a painful state. Indeed, health occupies the most important place among human life values.

There are a number of definitions of health, but they all generally contain the following five criteria:

absence of disease;
normal functioning of the body in the “person – environment” system;
complete physical, spiritual, mental and social well-being;
the ability to adapt to constantly changing conditions of existence in the environment;
ability to fully perform basic social functions.

Individual health is the health of an individual. Today this concept has a fairly broad meaning; it implies not only the absence of diseases, but also such forms of human behavior that allow him to improve his life, make it more prosperous, and achieve a high degree of self-realization. Health is a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease and physical defects.

Well-being concerns all aspects of a person's life, not just their physical condition. Spiritual well-being associated with reason, intellect, emotions. Social well-being reflects social connections, financial status, and interpersonal contacts. Physical well-being reflects the biological capabilities of a person, the state of his body. Human well-being includes two components: spiritual and physical.

Spiritual health– this is the ability to understand the world around us and oneself, analyze current events and phenomena, predict the development of situations that affect life, form a model (program) of behavior aimed at solving emerging problems, protecting one’s interests, life and health in the real environment. The higher the intelligence, the more reliable the forecast of events, the more accurate the model of behavior, the more stable the psyche, the higher the level of spiritual health. Spiritual health is determined by the system of thinking, knowledge of the surrounding world and orientation in it; the way we relate to the environment or to any particular person, thing, area of knowledge, principle. This health is achieved by the ability to live in harmony with oneself, with family, friends and society, to predict and model events, and to draw up a program of one’s actions on this basis.

Physical health– this is the body’s ability to implement a developed program of action and reserves in case of unforeseen extreme and emergency situations. Physical health is ensured by high physical activity, balanced nutrition, hardening and cleansing of the body, an optimal combination of mental and physical labor, the ability to rest, and avoidance of alcohol, tobacco and drugs.

Public health– these are social, socio-political and economic categories that characterize the viability of the entire society. This health consists of the health of individual members of society. Public health and the individual health of each person are inextricably interconnected and depend on one another.